Descartes Existence of God Essay

The existence of beau ideal has been a question since the idea of God was conceived. Descartes tries to prove Gods existence, to repel his Evil demon theory, and to show that in that location is without a doubt something outer to ones own existence. He is looking for for a definite certainty, a base of operations for which he spate base either of his beliefs and know for a fact that they are neat. Descartes overall project is to find a definite certainty on which he can base all his knowledge and beliefs. A foundation that he will be able to prove without a doubt.To find a definite certainty he uses a methodical doubt, this states that anything that could be doubted must be interpreted as false. This is done to find an absolute certainty for which to base all knowledge. Descartes develops his Evil sense theory to bring doubt to all senses and hence making them false. The theory says that it is realistic that there is someone (an evil supporter) who is controlling our min d. If so we wouldnt be sure whether or not what we see was real or just a dream, therefore all of our senses would be doubtable and thus taken as false.This theory proves that nothing international is certain and must be proven false to endure his quest for truth and certainty. Descartes second meditation gives a definite certainty for which to use as his foundation to build his beliefs. Then his third meditation proves the existence of God and the external world, while disproving the evil genius theory. That definite certainty that cannot be doubted, is the fact that I exist. Whenever I utter or think I am I know this to be absolutely true, without doubt. From this definite foundation Descartes tries to prove that there is something external to the mind.So he states the law of casualty. This basically says that nothing can be created from nothing, and that the less perfect can not create something much perfect or cleanse than itself. Then if there is an idea in our minds that w e didnt create, something else created it. If God is more perfect than us, indeed we could not have created God but God created us. Descartes then wrote about the idea of God. He said that God is infinite and could not have been created by us because God is more perfect than us thus undoubtable and certain.The idea that God exists disproves the Evil Genius theory therefore proves the existence of an external world. Anslem and Descartes theories both prove that there is a God and they both use some similar ideas in their premises. For instance, they both rely on the faith that there is an idea of God he is perfect and self evident. God could not have been conceived if there wasnt a God. Though, Descartes says that the less perfect can not create something more perfect or better than itself, and that we are less perfect than God therefore we could not have created God.So, this proves the existence of God and an external world. On the other hand, Anslem says Existence is greater than conception and nothing greater can be conceived then God. Therefore God must exist. In my opinion descatres has successfully proven the existence of God as well as one can because he started from the beginning and logically found a true foundation of beliefs and from there proved the existence of God and an external world. consequently making our senses less doubtable, and more certain.

Lottery Addiction: Its Effects on the Respondents’ Economic Status in Nasugbu, Batangas

LOTTERY habituation ITS EFFECTS ON THE RESPONDENTS ECONOMIC STATUS IN NASUGBU, BATANGAS A Research Paper Presented to MR. JOSEPH B. EVANGELISTA Nasugbu Christian Faith Academy, Inc. In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements as Secondary Graduates by Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo Richard Jason R. Dastas Angelica B. Magpantay Ronnel read/write memory B. Ilao correct Bryan A. Urena Regine N. Antazo Alfred C. Drio March 2010 2010 Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo Richard Jason R. Dastas Angelica B. Magpantay Ronnel Aries B. Ilao Mark Bryan A. Urena Regine N. Antazo Alfred C. DrioAll Rights Reserve ABSTRACT actLottery Addiction Its Effect on the Respondents Economic Status in Nasugbu, Batangas 2. Researchers Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo Alfred C. Drio Angelica B. Magpantay Mark Bryan A. Urena Regine N. Antazo Richard Jason R. Dastas Ronnel Aries B. Ilao 3. Publication 3. 1Date 3. 2Place 3. 3Region IV-A CALABARZON 4. Institution 4. 1Name Nasugbu Christian Faith Academy, Inc. 4. 2School Year 2009- 2010 5. Statement of the Problem 1. Personal profile of the respondents in terms of 1. 1 sex 1. 2 civil status 1. 3 requital head for the hills 2.What ar the effect of lottery to the economic status of the respondents? 3. What is the relationship of the respondents reckon to their employment status? 4. Who commonly pass away the biggest bet assiduous or fired? 5. Who usually play bingo employed or unemployed? 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of vie keno? 6. Summary of Findings Profile of Respondents With the total of fifteen (15) respondents, nine (9) or 60% were female while six (6) were males eleven (11) or 73. 3% were married while quad (4) or 26. 7% were single by civil status eight (8) or 53. % of the respondents falls on salary bracket of Php 1,500 t0 5,000, four (4) or 26. 7% with no salary , two (2) or 13. 3% range a salary from Php 10,000 to 20,000 while a salary range of Php. 30,000 and above has one (1) or 6. 7%. Effects of Lottery to the Responde nts Economic Status Most of the enumerated effects listed by the respondents were affects the compute of the family resulting to the increase of allotted budget affects the family relationship due to additional burden brought by contend lotto intentional use of budget allotted to the childrens needs, and highly emphasized fall of economic status.Relationship of Respondents bet to their Employment Status Employed versus unemployed status of the respondents established outstanding relationship with their bet. Eleven (11) or 73. 3% were employed thus give there usual or bigger bet compared to four (4) or 26. 6% unemployed. Usual Lotto players between employed and unemployed Employed respondents were the major lotto player since they have the mover to gamble as compared to unemployed respondents. Advantages and Disadvantages Most of the respondents believed that playing lotto quarter only give hope of adequate rich through winning the jackpot prize.Most likely playing lotto was di sadvantages fall of their economic status family budget/allocation suffered unwise use of the money becoming unproductive citizen lead to addiction thus committing unacceptable actions due to period of play 7. Conclusions 1. Since majority of the respondents were married and female, they seat their future through playing lotto hoping to win the jackpot prize. 2. Since most of the respondents were employed, they have the high leaning of playing lotto because of their source of money as well as the tendency to put the biggest bet. . Since the respondents feels the minus effects of playing lotto in their economic status they would probably limit or refrained from playing lotto. 4. Since lotto playing was disadvantageous, the respondents surely realized its implication to their family as well as to the community. 8. Recommendations 1. Instead of commit familys future through the chance of luck, find a real and long-term job that exit secure your future, better to gain the value of worth rather than relying on your chance. 2.Lotto fanatics should not rely very much on winning since it is computer operated this east to manipulate. 3. Employed lotto players should not give their biggest bet although they gave the means or source to gamble. 4. Male use/spend familys budget wisely instead of gambling in lotto. 5. Local Authorities should impose law governing the age allowed to bet in lotto since it is a form of gambling. 6. Avoid becoming addicted in playing lotto since it is disadvantages in nature. 7. set ahead study about this interesting topic for future preference. APPROVAL SHEETThis research paper entitled, LOTTERY ADDICTION ITS EFFECTS ON THE RESPONDENTS ECONOMIC STATUS IN NASUGBU, BATANGAS, prepared and submitted by Sibelle Justine L. Gallivo, Richard Jason R. Dastas, Angelica B. Magpantay, Ronnel Aries B. Ilao, Mark Bryan A. Urena, Regine N. Antazo, and Alfred C. Drio in partial fulfilment of the requirements as Secondary Graduating Students, has been examined and approved by our Research Teacher, MR. JOSEPH B. EVANGELISTA, with a regulate of _____________. Accepted and approved, _____________________ Mr. Joseph B. Evangelista ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe researchers sincerely acknowledge their debt of gratitude to those in one way or another contributed and gave assistance to the supply and completion of this study. Mr. Joseph B. Evangelista, for providing original ideas and opinions which made the completion of this study possible. Our Parents, who gave us financial aid and supported us morally that serves as our strength. The Borja Family, who helped us in distributing our questionnaires. Our Relatives and Friends, who shared their wisdom, time and effort as well as their suggestions valuable to our study.Our Alma Mater, Nasugbu Christian Faith Academy, Inc. , for the support, knowledge and for molding us to become productive and inytellectual students capable of competing in all aspect. To our Respondents, for their time, effort and i nvaluable assistance in answering the questionnaires that serves as our main source of informations. And above all, to Our Almighty Creator, for gracing us strength, wisdom and holy guidance as we accomplish all these things. A. B. M. A. C. D. M. A. U. R. N. A. R. R. D. R. B. I. S. L. G. DEDICATION To our good parents Mr. and Mrs. Regino Antazo Mr. nd Mrs. Joseph Dastas Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Drio Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Gallivo Mr. and Mrs. Antonio Ilao Mr. and Mrs. Noeh Magpantay Mr. and Mrs. Lourdeliza Urena To our brothers and sisters Angelo Magpantay Christopher Drio Jr. Jerome Dastas Rose Marie Eliza Raizza Mae Dastas Ray Anthony Ilao Reynaldo Antazo Resty Antazo Richel Antazo Rose Marie Eliza Antaso Ruby Antazo Ruel Antazo Ruiter Allan Ilao This piece of work is humbly dedicated. The Researchers tabularise OF CONTENTS Page Title pagei Copyright Pageii Abstractiii Approval Sheetvi Acknowledgementvii Dedicationviii Chapter I.THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction1 Sta tement of the Problem3 Statement of the Hypothesis3 Assumptions3 consequence of the Study4 Scope and Limitation of the Study4 Definition of Terms4 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES Foreign Literature6 Local Literature6 Foreign Studies12 Local Studies15 III. METHODS OF query AND PROCEDURE Design and Method of Research19 Sample and Sampling Techniques Used19 Statistical Treatment of Data21 IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF info Sub-problem 1. What is the profile the respondents terms of 1. sex 2. civil status 3. alary range22 Sub-problem 2. What are the effects of lottery to the economic status of the respondents? 22 Sub-problem 3. What is the relationship of the respondents bet to their employment status? 22 Sub-problem 4. Who usually give the biggest bet employed or unemployed? 23 Sub-problem 5. Who usually play lotto employed or unemployed? 23 Sub-problem 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of playing lotto? 23 V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSI ONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary 25 Findings25 Conclusions26 Recommandations27 BIBLIOGRAPHY28 APPENDICE A. Questionnaires CURRICULUM VITAE29

Computerisation of Banks

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. ground OF THE STUDY. The world as a global village has suit so info processorized that the character of electronic computing devices is inevit able-bodied and so crystalises them precise chief(prenominal) in tot tout ensemble in aloney case of human life e extraly on the invoice field. invoice arranging is a procedure that is designed by an organization for capturing all monetary events and entropy in an organization. An bill arranging aft(prenominal) capturing and gathering all events and activities has the ability to process them and communicate them to elicit pieceies for decision pay.Financial institutions in many countries were so a great deal c at one quantifyrned ab aside the switch from manual of arms to schooling processing systemized gondola electronic computer menu statement system. It essential however, be emphasized that manual history systems has non been eliminated roll in the hayly but faith and d ependency on them has been contractd drastically due to the emergence of computerized invoice systems. While many pecuniary institutions responded fastly to the enjoyment of computers in business concern relationship systems, some some others still face difficulties in adapting to these computerized systems of depending.Most organizations afford resorted to the handling of computers in their account system systems beca physical exertion of the inherent accuracy and processing go of this automated story system system system. They equivalentwise fork surface resorted to it because of the efficiency which leads to higher profitability. It is obvious that this computerized story system has led to the reduction of time address and quick gene proportionalityn of reports since one no massiveer maintain to wait a strong day to require a report. Although the emergence of this system comes with a depend of benefits, it still has got some puzzles associated wit h it.One inherent bother with this new-fashioned system of write up is the high exist of operations. Day in and day out, computers that become out of date have to be replaced or processiond to meet acceptable standards. In addition, this new system has brought intimately computer crimes. For example, the Equity Funding Corporation S s cockdal in the USA is probably one of the most offensive frauds that have been committed with the assistance of the computer. Total estimated misappropriation as a result of computer crimes in the United States America date stampms to be in the region of U. S 35 million.These cost associated with computerized accounting system have prompted decision makers in pecuniary institutions to do c arful abstract of their accounting system and its loopholes in the lead making a choice of a system which go out suite them best. One thing that has as well as do the use of computers a joyfulness is the less need for visual editing because of the ab ility of the computer to per machinate many editing steps by having programmed controls incorporated in the computer program. Recently, the allocation of resources or quota in relys for embarking on jump outs has been made easy due to the discovery of Swedish Grid Accounting System.This accounting system which was developed by Swedish Research Council maintains a Grid wide view of the resources consumed by its members. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Despite the availability of computers at Eco depose, lymph nodes still queue at the strand hall and the probability of Tellers to make mistakes is high. Customers still queue in order to withdraw monies from their accounts due to indicant failure condescension the automatic teller facility visible(prenominal) to them. This in addition applies to those who have access to the ATMs but still issue out cheques. A nonher major problem that the beach faces is the poor net income system.Customers some generation make earningss into acco unts of other branches and takes days for the amounts to reflects in that accounts. This look into at the end allow for visit solutions to the problems to a higher place and capture mechanism to be applied at the right time to encourage the sound and efficient use of computers available to Ecobank. 1. 3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The dissect attempts to find answers to the following questions ? What be the respective(a) effortfulw ar products available at Ecobank? ? What are the various package products available at Ecobank? ? To what extent has Ecobank dupe computers in their banking operations? 1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ? To get managements ofallion on the concept of development computers in accounting systems. ? To make cognize to all some of the problems linked with the cybernation of accounting systems in Ecobank, Adum. ? To find out how over the old age problems associated with this system have been solved. ? To discover the clashing that the use of computers in acco unting systems have had on the operations of Ecobank, Adum. 1. 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study aims at ? Solving some of the problems ca utilize by the cybernation of accounting systems in these fiscal institutions. Discovering how the computerization of accounting system has helped these pecuniary institutions in their operations. ? highlighting changes in a specific accounting system which has enhanced the flow of take a crap at the bank. ? Providing tecs, banks, insurance policy makers, students and lectures who offer I. T related courses find this material useful in appraising their syllabus. 1. 6 range of mountains AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The research process was centered on Ecobank, Adum branch. The following are the limitations of the study ? thither was no monetary and logistical allocation of resources compulsory to carry out the entire research.As a result, this study was restricted to only a handful of financial institutions here in Kumasi with Ecoban k as the case study. ? interviews were made only in some selected financial institutions which have their accounting systems computerized ? Time was another(prenominal) constraint as the research had to combine the research with lectures. 1. 7 CHAPTER ORGANIZATION The chapter one has to do with the introduction of the study and consists of the orbit of the study, problem statement, the objective of the study, research questions, significance of the study and the scope and limitations of the study.The second chapter reviews the available literature of the study. Chapter triple deals with research design, population of the study, sample and sampling technique, entropy collection and data analysis. Chapter noteinal covers the presentation and analysis of the study as well as the discussion of the research findings. The final chapter covers the summary of the research, conclusions drawn from the findings and recommendations made. CHAPTER cardinal LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1INTRODUCTIO NAn accounting system consists of the business, documents, records, equipment, policies and procedures use to record proceeding and events that affect an entitys financial performance and its financial status. A sound accounting system should be capable of meeting the requirements and ineluctably of the financial institution for which it is designed. As business grows its transactions in addition grow and the firm looks for ways to upper berth up the accounting process by streamlining its accounting system hence the use of computers.There are many accounting tasks such(prenominal) as invoicing, payroll and confinekeeping, which involve the processing of large amounts of numerical data. much(prenominal) routine transaction processing is a substantial cost burden on organizations and the desire to go down these costs provides motivation for the early introduction of computer systems. The ontogeny of minicomputers in 1963 allowed medium-sized organizations to begin using comp uters for accounting tasks. The introduction of business microcomputer in 1979 extended the use of computers to the accounting function of smaller organizations. 2. 2 ACCOUNTING SYSYTEMSSeveral scholars in the field of accountancy have expressed their views with respect to the whole motif of the computerization of accounting system. In his study on the automation of accounting coiffe Strangster (1992) examined the pointors that affect accounting t distributivelying and concluded that the accounting environment, technological change and the availability of resources are amongst the most significant variables influencing accounting automation. To meet these needs and to run across the fiduciary responsibility of management, Accountants prepare a single set of universal purpose-financial statements and reports.These statements are expected to present objective, unambiguous and complete economic facts of the existence and operation of the enterprise. This is what accounting report s generated from a computerized system would expect to portray, hence the act of report generations itself must be easy and not cumbersome. (Koerber K. (1992) P8) describes accounting systems as the field that designs and implements the system of records Keeping that meets all the randomnessal, processing and retrieval needs of antithetic types of accountants inside an organization.He emphasized that, an important segment of accounting system s electronic data touch on (EDP). He described further that earlier the advent of computers, all recordings were do manually. Hilton (1994) regards the accounting system as procedures, force out and computers used to accumulate and store financial data in the organizational part which are the costing accounting system, management accounting system and financial accounting system. According to Bagranoff (1996) the computers ability to handle an organizations routine bookkeeping has led to a growing fury on managerial accounting.Account ants freed from Bookkeeping tasks are instanter concentrating on the design of systems, the developments of budgets and recommendation of emerging managerial actions in a variety of running(a) areas. Increased in computerization of accounting system affects canvasors as well, they are finding their jobs to be quiet different today due to change magnitude opinion on worldwideized audit software and other calculator assisted Audit Techniques (CAAT). These tools allow auditors to examine computer output and processed more efficiently.In addition, traditional accounting firms, whose incomes used to be largely generated by audit and tax auditor are new helping clients design and implement computerized accounting information systems, hence the cause of computerization are an important area of study in accounting information system. 2. 3 reckonerIZED HISTORY OF GHANAIAN BANKS Over time, computerization has plusd in importance in Ghanian banks. Traditionally, banks have always sought media through which they would serve their clients more cost- potently as well as increase the utility to their clientele.Their main concern has been to serve clients more conveniently, and in the process increase profits and free-enterprise(a)ness. Computers have been used extensively in banking for many years to advance agenda of banks. In gold coast, the earliest forms of electronic and communications technologies used were mainly office automation devices. knells, telex and facsimile were utilise to speed up and make more efficient, the process of servicing clients. For decades, they remained the main information and communication technologies used for transacting bank business. posterior in the 1980s, as competition intensified and the personal computer (PC) got proletarian, Ghanese banks begun to use them in back-office operations and later tellers used them to religious make passs clients. Advancements in computer technology saw the banks net on the job(p) their branches and operations at that placeby making the one-branch philosophy a reality. Barclays brim and Standard leased Bank pioneered this very important electronic knickknack and later Ecobank similarly started using computers in their operations, which changed the banking landscape in the sylvan.Arguably, the most revolutionary electronic induction in this country and the world over has been the ATM. In gold coast, banks with ATM offerings have them networked and this has increased their utility to customers. The self-confidence Bank, in 1995 installed the first ATM. Not long after, most of the major banks began their ATM networks at competitive positions. Ghana Commercial Bank started its ATM offering in 2001 in collaboration with Agricultural Development Bank. quintet (5) banks currently operate ATMs in Ghana.The ATM has been the most passmentful delivery medium for consumer banking in this county. Customers dish out it as important in their choice of banks, and bank s that delayed the implementation of their ATM systems, have suffered irreparably. ATMs have been able to entrench the one-branch philosophy in this county, by being networked, so people do not needs have to go to their branch to do some banking. Another industrial innovation in Ghanaian banking is the various electronic cards, which the banks have developed over the years.The first major cash card is a product of Social Security Bank, now Soceite Generale SSB, introduced in whitethorn 1997. Their card, Sika Card is a range card, onto which a cash amount is electronically loaded. In the earlier part of year 2001 Standard Chartered Bank launched the first ever debit card in this country. Its functions have recently been integrated with the customers ATM cards, which have increased its availability to the public since a separate application process is not needed to access it.A consortium of three (3) banks (Ecobank, Cal Merchant Bank and The Trust Bank) introduced a further developm ent in electronic cards in November 2001, called E-Card. This card is online in real time, so anytime a client uses the card, or changes occur in their account rest period, their card automatically reflects the change. though ATMs have enjoyed great success because of their great utility, it has been recognized that it is possible for banks to improve their competitive stance and profitability by providing their clients with even more convenience.Once again computerization was what saved the day, making it possible for home and office banking services to become a reality. In Ghana, some banks started to offer PC banking services, mainly to corporate clients. The banks provide the customers with the proprietary software, which they use to access their bank accounts, sometimes via the World Wide Web (WWW). This is on a more modified scale though, as it has been targeted largely at corporate clients. Ghana Commercial Bank, Ecobank, Standard Charted Bank and Barclays Bank and Stanbic Bank are the main banks known to offer PC banking services.Banks have recognized the internet as representing an opport building blocky to increase profits and their competitiveness. Currently, no bank is offering internet banking (internet-banking) in Ghana, but some have well laid plans to start. Ecobank, Standard Charted Bank and Barclays Bank, as well have plans for doing so in the not-too-distant future. Telephone banking, has in addition taken a big leap with its convenience and time. Barclays Bank launched its telephone banking services in August 28, 2002. SSB Bank as well as launched its Sikatel or SSB Call Centre (telephone banking) in September 19, 2002.The services available with this system are ascertaining credible information about the banks products, the customers complaints, bank statements and cheque book request and any other complaints and inquiry. The introduction of E-Zwich is another innovation in the country. E- Zwich is the brand name for the interior(a) Switch by Bank of Ghana, under the new Universal electronic Payments (UEPS) technology which would procure that all commercial banks, rural banks and savings and loans institutions in Ghana implemented a common payment course of study and biometric Smartcard.To make this technology rightfully feasible, the Bank of Ghana BOG (Ghanas central bank) has issued a directive that all banks linked their ATMs & Point of Sale (POS) terminals to the National Switch, the E-Zwich by March 31, 2008. Banks with existing switches are expected to upgrade them to make them compatible with the National Switch by July 1, 2008 while banks without switches/ATMs / POS terminals are expected to integrate their payment terminals directly into the National Switch or through a E-Zwich compatible switch.GUIDELINES FOR THE OPERATION SOME COMPUTERIZED organization BY BANK OF GHANA. 1. The Bank of Ghanas responsibility with regard to platforms for Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale Systems (EFTPOS) is to ensure an appropriate legal and regulatory environment, competitive market and high standards for cards, ATMs and ATM platforms. The Bank of Ghana (The Bank) shall excessively ensure that suppliers have the technical and financial capacity to deliver and support their systems. 2.In granting permission for the setting up of a platform and/or its operation, the Bank shall be guided by the need for an orderly development of the payment system. The following conditions shall apply i. The provision of ATM and EFTPOS services shall be limited to banks and consortiums of banks and other corporate bodies ii. The card technology must be ISO 8583 and EMV compliant while the platform/ATM system should be able to support different card types including smart cards, ATM cards, common credit and debit cards such as VISA, Mastercard, Europay, American Express, Diners Club etcetera ii. Platforms must be interoperable with international ATM and EFTPOS network s operated by companies with international reputation. To satisfy this requirement, the switching companies must be operating in North America or Europe. iv. Banks applying for a domesticated platform must meet the following requirements with regards to the number of banks, ATMs and the networking of a banks branches. (a) More than four banks, minimum of 20 ATMs and 50% of the branches of severally bank networked. (b) Four banks, minimum of 30 ATMs and 50% of the branches of each bank networked. c) Three banks, minimum of 50 ATMs and 50% of the branches of each bank networked PAYMENT SYSTEM growth PLANS Plans are far pass on for the introduction of cheque codeline clearing and truncation system. This system would decentralise the bewilder of cheque MICR code-lines and cheque images at the point of receipt of the cheques by the banks. The banks will then sent the electronic files of the code-lines and the images to BOG for clearing and settlement. This will enable the truncation of cheques at the point of economic deposit and the use of cheque images for mandate verification.It is expected to free resources like labour and reduce costs primarily for cheques clearing. new regulations and relevant laws would have to be enacted to support the new cheque clearing environment. In addition to the preceding(prenominal) system, an Automated clearing House (ACH) would be introduced to handle bulk electronic credits and debits and in that locationby speed up the clearing of funds at heart the system. The SWIFT software messaging and communication systems will be harnessed to support cheque truncation and the ACH.Furthermore, new policies are being drafted with respect to electronic banking, card-based payments (e- cash and debit cards) and the oversight function responsibilities of the central bank thitherof. 2. 4 PROFILES ON ECOBANK Ecobank is an independent Regional Banking Group in Ghana and other parts of West and Central Africa providing wholesale and ret ail banking services to its customers. Established in 1985, Ecobank has grown into a network of over four hundred and fifty branches with offices in twenty- two countries including Ghana.The system structure within the Ecobank group is such that the parent go with acts as a strategic designer with limited involvement in operational management and decision making at subsidiaries level. In Ecobank, operational decision making is individualized and maintained at a level as close as possible to required action and customers. 2. 4. 1 Ownership/ complexifyes Ecobanks shares is presently held by more than sise potassiums (6000) private and institutional shareholders throughout Ghana and other parts of world.The companys authorized groovy is U. S $ 1250000000 ordinary shares of 0. 125 each. Ecobank has four hundred and fifty (450) branches with offices in twenty-two (22) countries including Ghana. 2. 4. 2 hands Ecobank Ghana Limited has close to a thousand professionals that is made up of management, branch managers, security personnels and other stave. In terms of gender diversity, forty (40) percent of its employees are female and the balance being male employees. 2. 4. 3 Mission StatementEcobank is committed to enforcing management standards and policies in areas of ethics, anti- money laundering, bout of interest and co-operate governance because it believes it enhances it shareholders value. 2. 4. 4 Vision Ecobank hopes to explore the potentials offered by the internet as an efficient diffusion and communication channels for delivering the service provided by its network of branches and offices. 2. 4. 5 Customers Ecobank now boast of an estimated thirty thousand clients which includes governmental organizations, private organizations and individual accounts holders. . 4. 6 Products and Services ? Current accounts ? Savings accounts ? Cards ? Deposit accounts ? in-person loans ? Car and motor loan ? Business loan ? Bills for collections ? Transfer and pa yments ? Western union money point ? Call accounts 2. 5 THE CONCEPTION OF COMPUTERS IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM MANAGEMENT DECISION The whole opinion of the use of computer in accounting systems cannot be over emphasized without talking about the fact that it is based primarily upon managements decisions normally made up of board of chairman, heads of parts and IT Specialist.These people having seen the need for the uses of computers convince the cater and all and Sundry on the use of computer. This is done having taken factual circumstance of its invalidating effectuate. The decision taken by management was done as a means of increasing productivity and ascertainment of rapid information at any particular point in time as well. 2. 6 problematicware Used At Ecobank 2. 6. 1 Mainframe computers The mainframe computer a high-level computer designed for the most intensive computational tasks.Mainframe computers are often shared by multiple users committed to the computer via terminals. The most reasonful mainframes, called supercomputers, perform highly complex and time-consuming computations and are used to a great extent in both pure and applied research by scientists, large businesses, and the military. 2. 6. 2 Micro computers The microcomputer is the common among all computers. It is designed to fit on a desktop. However, it is not as powerful or as fast as the mainframe computer and has a smaller memory size.These computers were proposed by service of National Cash Registry (NCR) whose main functions is to assemble and supply computers and accessories to Ecobank and other financial institutions in Ghana. The computerization process began 1998 at Ring Road Central branch with an evaluation of the needs of the service vanity to the bank on the type of computers that will be needed to ensure quick and efficient service aimed at meeting the company needs, this was only done after the contract between the client company and service bureau had been signed.The ba nk used these computers upon expert advice true from these service providers though sometimes they could also bring out their own specification. 2. 7 SOFTWARES USED AT ECOBANK Ecobank borrows its software known as the match software form City Bank they later adopted different softwares including, Tally, Aptra Hawk, Pips and sparrow. apiece of the softwares performs different functions.The more sophisticated ones like Aptra, the Hawk and Sparrow are computer software used by the Automated Teller Machine (ATM), whereas the software Pips deals with micro processing which is occupied in cheques related activities. 2. 7. 1Introduction of flex-cube mechanism The activities of banking at Ecobank for example has been improved further with the introduction of flex-cube mechanism software which has provided all needs or almost all in respect of the banking work in areas such as ? Providing good reports and feedback Storing large data atomic number 82 to improved performance and ? Providin g central database software where activities were superintended to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. 2. 8 THE GENERAL PERCEPTION ON THE USE OF COMPUTERS The perception of the familiar use of computers in Ecobank when critically looked at can categorically be seen from the view point of employees and customers since computers influence their activities. Taking the manufacturing domain for example where over a thousand different jobs were o be undertaken by different employees before a particular process, now with the introduction of computers all these several jobs can be undertaken by the immaculate press of a button where something starts to build. The computer has been rendering thousand employees jobless thitherby bringing tension and fear within that industry. But for customers of Ecobank it was like a prayer being answered, a long awaited miracle, where all their troubles have just come to an end.They were very pleased with such an innovation as long waiting and cumber some procedures gnarled in the depositing and withdrawal as well as other banking and non-banking duties, will have been solved. This however confirms the old wise saying that one mans meat is anothers poison. 2. 8. 1Perception Of workers on the use of Computers at Ecobank The whole idea of the fear of unemployment which was established in the previous topic discussed was no exception from that which was going through the minds of Ecobank staff who were working on manual till the introduction of these computers.In fact, the change over to the use of computers was met with serious resistance from the staff working at that time for the some old perception that they will be laid off Change, they say, is tremendous but once adopted goes a long way to rattling practice session for good whosoever is refer. According to Ecobank staff, about three hundred (300) of the workers at Ecobank were deployed upon an exercise undertaken by Ecobank known as the custody Labour Rationalization c ourse of study (MLRP).Here computerization was seen as the main reason for the exercise after which management budgeted for the cost improving and training each and every staff member left butt to have total knowledge in computer. Those members of staff who were left had to accept the change and were encouraged and ameliorate on the use of computers to relieve them of very hectic activities which the machine could undertake on their behalf to make them slack after a long days work. The computer was finally received fully with employee cooperation such that the ratio of employee to computer is close to one to one and an average of two to one.The employees confess that the use of the computer has boosted their confidence and happens to relieve their fleshly as well as mental demand with respect their job. 2. 9 THE spiritual rebirth TO COMPUTERS-SOME SPECIFIC SYSTEMS/ executionS The drift from the manual to the computerized accounting systems as pursued by financial institutions h as been that of understand problems and creating problems. around of the replace manual systems and everything that goes with them are enumerated below. 2. 9. 1 Account OpeningWith the manual system there was the use of the ledger cards which were on its own a hectic thing to use as cards could get missing at any particular point in time, the serious aspect was that when ones card was not seen then it is like there is absolutely no record about that account not even mentioning the balance of that account. But with computerization, there are regular points out of various account and other things, which are stored in the computer in other words, there is the hardcopy and the softcopy making tangibility of records available. as well as with the use of computers so many accounts can be opened as possible as there is no much work involved due to the computerization of accounting systems. 2. 9. 2 Counting Of property Gone were days where the hand was at the mercy of money that needed t o be counted, whether large or small. Now the introduction of these money-counting machines has replace the counting of money by hand by which the former seen to be faster and hence speeds up work resulting in less queues in banks especially. another(prenominal) institutions, insurance companies and financial service providers also use it. 2. 9. 3 Withdrawals The manual system resulted in the spending of more hours at banks as a result of long queues to withdraw money especially on paydays of government workers. This however, was very frustrating to the customers. The use of ATM especially to pay workers has reduced drastically this king of inconveniencies hence leading to fast payments of workers.With the use of a card where the name of the holder are programmed and put into the computer, with the help of a specially diskettes, the ATM however helps in giving cash, statements of accounts and instant balance that speeds up the process of payments. Other cards such as credit card, mo nde card, e-card, visa card, sikatel card all exists to make access to money easier and convenient. 2. 10 CHECKING OF ACCOUNT BALANCE These are well checked by the use of computer regardless of the branch due to the networking of systems available 2. 10. 1 Balancing Of AccountsThe manual system was that of very hectic work as every account will have to be balanced by an accounting personnel before the day ends which sometimes eats late into the night, but with computerization balancing of accounts are done within minutes as the computer does everything with the correct accounting package in place. This is known as the self-balancing of accounts where no one really is involved. Journals are opened or written, profit and loss accounts are alert by the machine. This invariably reduces the number of people working at the financial institution. 2. 11 INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONThis is normally done with certain requirements in place. The bank should have an affiliated bank in the count ry of transaction. Every link should have been cleared and terms understood by the bank being affiliated to. With computerization there is the use of the swift system, which takes place on remittance Ecobank for example has an affiliated bank called the City Bank which deals with such transactions outside Ghana. This has seriously reduced the mailing system which was the agency of the manual system where the post was used which could take months to complete a very simple transaction.Hard copies will have to be received through the mail, which sought to confirm that the transaction has taken place. In the course and zeal to computerized the following advantage and disadvantages were brought to light. 2. 11. 1 Advantages ? Increase in profitability ? Improved workout put 2. 11. 2 Disadvantages ? Power failure causes inconvenience to staff and customers. ? Redundancy due to computerization, Ecobank undertook one, which known as the labours rationalization programme. ? Computerization cannot be practiced everywhere or places where there is no electricity.Some of the branches that are not yet computerized. 2. 12 THE GLOBAL PHENOMENON-NEW DEVELOPMENTS With the current move to information technology in the part of the globe, there is a higher intensity in the use of computer where they are seen to do much of the work to be carried out. Much however needs to be desired as financial sections like auditing among others are still more evidence with the use of books and receipts which are required on hard copies for auditing purposes, this however makes total dependency on computer not very whole.In existence is the Computer Assisted Audit Technique (CAAT), which uses the computer as the main tool in the process of auditing, this technique given time will drastically minimize the use of hard copies such as foolscap sheets, and books etc. With the existence of the ATM card, e-card, e switch, master card, credit card, monde card and other mechanisms that limit the handling of physical cash, The other mechanism that limit the handling of physical cash the world is poised to enter into a realm where one will be able to undertake a 24hr banking transaction such as cheque withdrawals, international transaction processing of draft etc. ther financial services can also have the sale of shares bonds done on a 24hr basis. Closing periods of the foreseeable future will step by step be extended to a time that will make financial institutions to undertake multiple shifts such as day shifts and night shifts. These only will be made possible with the use of computers that will be ready to run on a 24hr service to its customers. CHAPTER THREE mannerOLOGY This chapter discusses the research techniques and methods employed in collecting data for the area of study. . 1RESEARCH DESIGN The type of research conducted is exploratory. This is where research is conducted into a research problem or issues were there are very few or no earlier studies to which we can refer for information. The aim of this type of study is to look for patterns, ideas or hypotheses. 3. 2POPULATION OF THE STUDY In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of this research work, the following functional areas were identified. ? Management ? Finance(Accounts Section) ? information Technology(I.T. ) section All staff of the above mentioned areas in Ecobank formed the population of the study. 3. 3SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE The researcher used simple random sample technique to select twenty (20) respondents. Nine (9) members of staff were selected from the Account section, two (2) from the IT department and vanadiumsome (3) from the management team. Those chosen were people the researcher believes could provide the right and needed data for the study. 3. 4DATA COLLECTION METHODDue to the nature of the study, questionnaires were administered to the management and staff of Ecobank Kumasi branch as well as interview. Observation was also used by the researcher in co llecting data. The following are the details of the methods used 3. 4. 1Questionnaires The grassroots means of collecting data for the study was through questionnaires. Twenty (20) copies of well structured questionnaires were distributed to the target population. from each one respondent was given a copy. The respondents were given one week to answer the questions after which they were collected.Questionnaires were made in such a way that it was so easy to understand by the respondents. 3. 4. 2 Observations and Enquiry The researcher observed that the answers provided by some of the respondents revealed additional information which was not provided in the questionnaires. The distribution of questionnaires directly to respondents also offered the researcher the opportunity to talk to some of the respondents and to elicit relevant information. 3. 4. 3Interview The one- to one method, also known as the face-to face type was used.This was concluded with the finance managers, to acco unting personnels as well as the IT Managers of Ecobank who in one way or the other makes use of computers in their field of work. The interview was undertaken using a semi structured form of questions concerning the whole idea of the feign of computerization of accounting systems on the operations of Ecobank. The use of the interview approach especially allowed for maximum flexibility and paved the way for the interviewee to really reflect the use of computers in accounting systems.The method yielded greater responses and brought out higher quality information that would not have come to light. On the other hand information coming from staffs reveals that Ecobank recorded about three hundred deployment rate of its personnel as a result of computerization. 3. 4. 4 Secondary Data These were gathered from Ecobanks Annual Report, previous research works as well as subroutine library materials. 3. 5 DATA ANALYSIS The data collected were analyzed using the descriptive statistics appro ach. The answers to the questions were sorted out tabulated and analyzed using percentages.The data analysis in chapter four reflects the Fourteen (14) questionnaires out of the twenty questionnaires (20) administered to the Ecobank Adum Branch Kumasi as well as interviews and observations made by the researcher. CHAPTER FOUR Data Analysis and Result In this chapter, data collected through the administration of questionnaires at Ecobank has been analyzed into tables of absolute figures and corresponding percentages. Twenty (20) questionnaires, each containing thirteen (13) questions were administered. Fourteen (14) were completed and returned giving a response rate of 70%.Table 1 Rate of response Subject Group follow of respondents Percentage (%) Management 3 21. 4% Information Technology 2 14. 3% Account staff 9 64. % Total 14 100% writer content abide by data May 2009 Chart 1 pic From the table and the chart above, three (3) were received from management personnel, re presenting 21. 4%, two (2) from the Information Technology Department representing 14. 3% and remaining fifteen (9) were regain from the Account section representing 64. 3%. This was enough for the research study. Table 2 Computerization of accounting system. Response Frequency Percentage (%) Yes 14 14 No - - Total 14 100 Source Field survey data May 2009 From table 2, fourteen (14) representing 100% utter that they have fully computerized the Accounting system. Concerning what prompted the project, answers received from respondents were to enable them satisfy their customers with their services. With respect to the major problems encountered in the computerization of accounting system, the response is shown in table 2 Table 3 Problems encountered on computerization of accounting systems. Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) lavishly cost of Training 7 50 Lack of experience 4 28. 6 Delay in production 3 21. Total 14 100 Source Field survey data May 2009 Chart 2 pic Table 3 and chart 2 depicts that seven (7) of the respondents representing 50% were of the view that the cost involved in the training of staff to meet the new technology is high. Four (4) of the respondents representing 28. 6% also claimed that the staff lacked experience in the use of computer technology.The final, which is delay in production which represents 21. 4% were also of the view that production after the computerization process delays. Table 4 workload after computerization Responses Respondents Percentages (%) Increase 2 14. 3 Decrease 9 64. Normal 3 21. 4 Total 14 100 Source Field survey data May 2009. Chart 3 pic From table 4 and chart 3, two (2) of the respondents, which represent 14. % utter that the workload after computerization process in the bank has decreased as a result of computerization. Nine (9) of the respondents representing 64. 3% were of the view that the work load of the bank has decreased. The final groups of people were also of the view that the workload after computerization is normal that is there is either increase or decrease in the workload after the introduction of computers. With respect to special accounting package in use, the responses are shown in table 5. Table 5 Accounting package Responses Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Yes 14 100 No Total 14 100% Source Field survey data May 2009 From table 4 all the fourteen (14) respondents stated that there is a special accounting package in use and gave the name as Flex Cube. It was stated that it helps in storing data and providing good report. Lastly with respect to what staffs like about the manual system that the computerized accounting system could not provide, the respondents gave the view that the manual system has no capital cost involved in processing data and that the cost of maintenance is low as compared to the computerized system.The researcher asked whether there would be a total computerized accounting system in other br anches in the country. The response is shown in table 4. 6 Table 6 Total computerized accounting system Respondents Respondents Percentage (%) Yes 10 71. 4 No 4 28. Total 14 100(%) Source Field survey data May 2009 Chart 3 pic From table 5, ten (10) of the respondents which represents 71. 4%, stated that there will be a total computerized accounting system in the conterminous five to ten years to come. Four (4) out of the fourteen respondents representing 28. % stated that there can not be a fully computerized accounting system in other branches because of lack of adequate power supply in the country. THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZATION ON ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS From the interview conducted with the management of Ecobank, these were the responses gathered concerning the impact of computerization on accounting systems Management were of the view that , the whole concept of the use of computers has been that of great delight for both benefactors and end users thus customers and staff of the financial institution involved respectively.Though initially for staff it was met with great resistance as it was seen to cause unemployment generally, but this has finally been accept as working tool of which they have expressed their satisfaction in its works or activities so far. It was also revealed that customers received the new move with all joy, as they believed that less time was to be spent in the banking activities. It was made known that the use of computers received both approval and criticism.In much the same way, one can real say that now the impact of computerization is seriously being felt in the banking activities such as fast service delivery, up to date and holy database leading to quality results. The impact can also be looked at from the area of the transactions being undertaken by each company, the time taken to complete a transaction, the quality of account and report presentation, meeting needs of customers. Though the positive impact has been look ed at, there is the need to also look at the negative aspect of computerization.Management made known the negative aspect through the interview conducted that, the cost element involved in maintaining the computers, delays by servers leading to a halt in the banking activities, training of personnel is also costly, modern softwares and the purchase of secondary generators cannot be overlooked. IMPROVING THE POSITIVE EFFECTS An interview conducted with the Information Technology manager of Ecobank, Adum branch revealed that, it is important for anything that produces good reports and results to be improved upon to ensure further advancement of its effects on anything in general.Some of the ways of improving the positive effects of the computerization were made available as have been enumerated below. runner of all, the introduction of new technology to build upon the existing ones is an area which must be brought in to reduce the negative effects of computerization. On the side of customers, the financial institution will have to make delivery swifter with more and more innovations being put into place for example where the ATM will be placed at vantage points in and out of the city, modes of withdrawals such as the mondex card, e-card and e-zwich.Any other form of credit card or master card should also be encouraged among clients, such that there should come a time where one can check his account even from the house on any normal phone. New technology will however mean that obsolete softwares being used is to be exchanged with newly advanced ones to bring out the real effects of computerization. Additional codes will have to be identified to ensure areas of extension of the computerization process.Further more, once computerization is helpful, the institution is seeking to spread its use within the financial institution, where each of the branches would be attached through a more recallable networking system. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDA TION SUMMARY The computerization of accounting system has really come to stay for which further developments are expected in some few years time such the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) van. Manual accounting systems has not been eliminated completely but reliance and dependency on them has been reduced drastically due to the emergence of computerized accounting systems.While many financial institutions responded quickly to the use of computers in accounting systems, others still face difficulties in adopting computerized systems of accounting. Most organizations have resorted to the use of computers in their accounting systems because of the inherent accuracy and processing speed of this automated accounting system. . There is generally a calm atmosphere in financial institutions since the whole idea of computerization has now been accepted and is seen as causing higher returns for the Staff and management of Ecobank.The computerization system has brought about an ease on the hectic and tedious work formerly done manually by financial institutions. Paper work has considerably declined but not completely wiped out for the sake of auditing purpose and other reasons. The computerization of accounting system is setting the pace for other non-financial institutions to even see the need to computerize their accounting system in their financial departments, thereby taking a global turn.The activities of certain viruses such as car are not felt much as they are all dealt with by the manufactures whereas others cannot be easily noticed on time hence disrupting activities. Backup systems are therefore kept by these financial institutions to help mitigate future problems that are likely to emerge incase computers are infected with viruses and all important documents corrupted or crashed. Ecobank has been able to build up a backup system at Accra which stores all of its information which is retrievable upon any loss of data from any computerized branch.Upon misplacing one s ATM card the only way out is to re-apply for a card at a cost, which will be supercharged to the account of the customer. That not much information exists with respect to the computerization of accounting system in general let alone on financial institutions. Not much problems are being faced in the use of computers for accounting work as such allowing work to go on glintly despite certain hitches here and there. In other to satisfy customers of Ecobank, 100% of the respondent states that Ecobank branch at Adum has computerized its systems fully. 71. % stated that there will be a total computerization of their accounting systems in the next five to ten years. This can be possible if there is adequate power supply in the country. 64. 3% stated that Workload in the bank has decreased as a result of computerization. 100% also that Ecobank has a special accounting package in use called Flex Cube. This helps in storing data and provides good report. On problems encountered on compute rization of accounting systems 50% of the respondents stated that cost of training of personnel or staff was high as compared to the manual system, whereas 28. % stated that staff also lacks experience and the rest stated that there is a delay in production. It is also emphasized that the cost of maintenance is high as compared to the manual system of operation. Finally the impact of the computerization of accounting system is seen more on its benefits that are yielding fastest information leading to quick decision making than on its negative effects which is basically the cost of acquisition of the machines and deployments of staff among others. From the research findings, CONCLUSIONS The study revealed the main forms of hardware being used by Ecobank in their operations.These include the mainframe and the micro computers. On the other hand, some of the software also used by Ecobank includes the Tally, the Aptra the Hawk and the Pips. The more sophisticated ones which include the A ptra, the Hawk and the Sparrow are computer software used by the Automated Teller Machine (ATM). A pip on the other hand is a software that deals with the micro processing of cheque related activities. Upon the research conducted, it came to light that, the whole concept of computers has been of great delight for both benefactors and end users being customers and staff of the financial institution involved respectively.The introduction of computerized accounting systems on the operation of Ecobank has enhance fast service delivery, up to date and accurate database leading to quality results hence satisfying their customers. Computers are used in financial institutions in general day to day gaining recognition with respect to what it is able to do and what problems it is able to solve. The issue has caused the whole financial sector to aim at the ultimate i. e. the use of computers in its activities. But an organization must now face the practical problem of streamlining and speeding up the asic accounting system so that the accounting department can keep pace with the rapid flow of transaction in the modern businesses. Even though there are problems to be addressed, the computerized accounting system is cherished by all users in the accounts department of these financial institutions who would like to cling to the computers than to go back to those hectic days of the big books of the manual system. Though it caused some level of discomfort such as causing about 35% deployment at Ecobank on the whole it has been a profitable venture .The impact of the computerization of accounting systems on the operations of Ecobank is a never-ending story due to frequent technological developments that keep occurring within short periods of time. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Upon the interview conducted and responses from questionnaires received, I would want to make the following recommendation for serious consideration 2. Technology should be more advanced in solving the problems in situations where customers will have to re-apply for the ATM card due to missing pin number or forgetting it. . Staff computer skills should be upgraded frequently as new development on technology keep on springing up to be able to meet current trends in the market. 4. There should be the formation of committees on the I. T sections of these financial institution that will monitor the market in the areas of new innovations that are bound to arise in the future coming up in the financial industry for them to study it and see how best they can adopt and implement it in the heat of competitions existing in the market. 5.ATM machine should be placed at strategic points within selected areas which will enhance its influence in the work of financial institutions . in doing so constant repairs and in filling the machine sufficiently with physical cash should be done frequently to ensure smooth operations. 6. Scholars, authors, and others should be encouraged in the writing of books, magazi nes and newsletters on the introduction of computers or automation in financial institutions as almost all the information technology in general as such does not really relate to the topic in discussion. 7.That situations where the server goes down should not be left unattended to but that all efforts should be marshaled to ensure that it is very minimal to really experience the true impact of the computerization of accounting system in financial institutions. 8. The public relations departments of all financial institutions should make known to the public by way of advertisement and other sources to really bring out the knack in using these products, such as the use of the ATM card for savings accounts, cash withdrawals and checking of balance, e-card and monde card for shopping in designated supermarkets throughout the country. . Manufactures should rectify software which is defective in order to ensure constant flow of work output. This however will be made possible when warra nties have given, concerning the software among other things 10. There should be routine procedures and schedules for maintenance and repairs of broken down machine to ensure that all the times they will be in good condition to deliver in terms of meeting customers needs especially in the area of the ATM. DEFINITION OF TERMS ACCOUNTING SYSTEM The system that provides the information for us in conducting the affairs of the business.CODE HOLE It referred to as a computing programming term that makes accounting packages easily recognized in the areas where an extension on the software is. COMPUTERIZATION The process of replacing computers with the manual system hence uses electric means to achieve a stated object or work. COMPUTER Is a general purpose and automatic electric information processing machine. COST ACCOUNTING Is a conscious and rational procedure by accounts for accumulating cost (however defined) and relating such cost to specific products or departments for effective mana gement action.FINANCIAL INSTITUTION Institution that carry out its activities in the form of financial nature. For a examples banks, insurance and financial service providers. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING The branch of accounting that is concerned with the recording of transactions using generally accepted accounting principles for a business enterprise other economic unit and with a periodic preparation of various statement. MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING The branch of accounting that uses both historical and estimated data in providing information which management uses in conducting daily operations and in planning future operations A-6.PRODUCTIVITY Is the rate at which a company makes goods which is usually judged in connection with the number of people and the amount of materials necessary to produce the good. SERVICE BUREAU Is an organization that undertakes to install computers and computerize accounting for financial institutions. I. T. Information technology. NCR National cash registry A c ompany that deals mostly in the computerization of institution such as bank, ministries, school etc. ATM Automated teller machine. CAAT Computer Assisted Audit Technique, where the computer is used as a tool in the process of undertaking an audit work.LAN local area networking WAN Wider area network MLRP Manpower Labour Rationalization Programme EDP Electronic Data Processing PC Personal Computer E Card Electronic Card APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRES FOR STAFF AND MANAGEMENT OF ECOBANK TOPIC THE IMPACT OF COMPUTERIZATION OF ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ON THE OPERATION OF ECOBANK. The purpose of this study is to enable the researcher gather information on the attitude, perception and practice on the computerization of accounting of software in your institution.It is purely academic work therefore all information provided would be treated as such and confidentially. Where answers are provided please tick as appropriate and where answers were not provided please kindly supply the information. 1. Have you fully computerized your accounting system? Yes No If yes, what prompted the project? Reduce Workload Increase Productivity Customer Satisfaction Others Specify 2. Have the entire problem in the financial institution been solved? Fully Partially Not 3. How long have your accounting system been computerized? less than 5 years 6 10 years 11 20 years Others specify .. 4. What major problem did you encounter in the computerization of your accounting system? High cost of training staff Lack of experience Delay in production Others 5. What steps did you take or have been taken to salvage the situation? . . Was there any staff deployment due to the computerization? Yes No If yes, what effect did it have on the institution? Work overload over taxation Others .. 7. What is the ratio of staff to computer since the introduction of computerization? 1 1 2 1 3 1 Others 8. Is there any special accounting package in use? Yes No Which software.. 9. What is the effect f computerized accounting system on your productivity? High return Break even Low return 10. What do you like about the manual system that computerized accounting system could not provide?. 11. be you facing any problems in the use of computers for accounting purpose? Yes No If yes, in what areas Obsolescence Difficulty in retrieving information Others.. 2. Can there ever be a totally computerized accounting system in other branches in the country? Yes No If yes, how long 6-10 years 11-15 years 16-20 years Others. 13. How do you see the workload after computerization? Increase Decrease Normal Interview questions for the management of Ecobank 1. What is the profile of Ecobank Ghana Limited 2. What is the history behind the computerization of accounting systems in Ecobank 3.Does Ecobank have a fully computerized accounting system? 4. What prompted the introduction of computerized accounting system? 5. What was some of the problems they encounter? 6. What was the attitude of their worker BIBLIOGRAPHY Nsouli, (2002), challenges of the E banking revolution. Sangster, (2002), business accounting Sangster (1992) strategies for Business Decisions 2nd version Koerber k. (1992), accounting systems Hilton (1994) cost management accounting 2nd edition Bagronoff (1996) Decision support tools for choosing accounting software Ecobank Annual Report

Globalization of Technology Essay

Politics engineering science en adequate to(p)s and all the homogeneous promotes diversifys in every aspect of our lives. Through the years it has changed what and how we eat (the microwave), how and where we work (the internet), how we are entertained, and even how we keep in touch with friends and family. And though some people may notice these types of quick advances of technology, many may not notice how technological advances pay back tied into changes in political science and the way they have been run. The power of mass images has really become a major influence on politics as a product of a increasing technology. In the 1960s, images of wealth in the west eventually open the weakness of the communist regime running the old Soviet bloc. There is the story Nikita Khrushchev narrating a pack of Harlem in the 1960s to demonstrate poverty in America.Instead, his poor, struggling citizens focused on the nylons abatement on backyard clothes lines and the number of fine autos in the street, and saw wealth rather than poverty. Today, the pictures from Iran appear in graphic detail on our televisions. The power of the mass media has made it much difficult for the state to groyne off the right(prenominal) world. The television has been used to promote politics through commercial advertisement since the Dwight D. Eisenhower grounds in 1952. That was over 50 years ago. It has been used to broadcast presidential debates since the Kennedy vs Nixon Great Debate in 1960 which was exactly 50 years ago. However, nothing is like the way the television is used today.The most juvenile Presidential campaign, in 2008, showed how fundraising is macrocosm impacted. President Obama raised a record breaking 600 million dollars in contributions during his run up to the election. Of that 600 that Obama received, 500 million came from the internet and through public financing through the internet. He ran as fierce an internet campaign as he did his television and r adio campaigns. Later the identical young people who followed Obamas every move online, turned out to vote. Is technology damaging politics?For example, you croupe argue that because there are dozens of new-mades channels. Campaigns are now much more than(prenominal) media run. The media decides what is news worthy (which as of the past few years has been whatever gets ratings), interprets the meaning of events for its viewers, and manipulates the decision fashioning process of its viewers. Can technology be damaging to political candidates themselves? Political videos of nearly every 2008 presidential candidates can be found on YouTube. In many of the stick on videos, candidates are engaged in old speeches, contradicting their current political positions. Also, since the election, the internet seems to have gone from President Obamas best friend, to his great political enemy. Some of the most controversial legislation in US history is being introduced and posted online for all Americans to see, online commentators who once supported Obama are continuously pointing out unfilled promises.Economy and Social transaction Technological progress is the key to offering future populations the potential for improved standards of living. Technical change enables firms to concur inputs in a novel manner to produce existing products more cheaply and to develop new products to meet consumer needs. Economists and new(prenominal) social scientists pretty much agree that technological change is the most essential contributor to economic growth in the modern era and it is estimated that more than half of the countrys long-run growth is can be attributed to technological change. A prime example of technology base increases in productivity comes from the field of agriculture.Until at least the 17th century, intimately 90% of the population was forthwith involved in agriculture. In the United States, the raise population was 44% of the total population as recentl y as 1880. Currently, the U.S. farm population is about 2% of the total population. But over that same period, total production from farms has more than doubled. The increase in productivity is correlated with several technological innovations in the field of farming. The innovations include the widespread use of farm chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides), and farming equipment. Thus, the tremendous increase in farm productivity is seen as a betoken result of the technological advances that were made in the field. Technological change in production processes like that often reduces the amount of labor and other resources needed to produce a unit of yield. This is good on one hand because it reduces the cost of production for products but on the other, it as well results in a loss of jobs in the short-run.The long-run is a different story though. By trim down the cost of production you thereby are discrediting the price of a particular good in a competitive market, which then frequ ently leads to a greater demand for that good. And a greater output demand results in increased production, which requires more labor, and offsets the effects of losing jobs in the short-run. Along with production technology, constant improvements of expatriate and communications technologies have overly had major impacts on todays economy. Previously, physical and human resources travel around the world by means of land, sea, and air transportation. Now, with data serving as a staple fiber resource and digital communications the means of transport, financial capital is moving throughout the world at nearly the speed of light. How has technology negatively affected the economy?One challenge that technology has brought about to the new global economy comes from the new wave of outsourcing. As a concept its not new. Companies have chased cheap labor around the globe for decades, making cars in Mexico, plastic toys in Taiwan and shirts in Malaysia. But in the past couple of years, t he debate over outsourcing has intensified as technology companies reduce costs by sending technical support, software development, quality assurance and other functions offshore. A few years ago this idea would have been impossible. The world mostly turned to its technology leaders, companies such as Microsoft Corp. for example, when it needed software. But with the growth of broadband Internet connections and e-mail, technical support staff and software developers can respond to questions with the same speed in Bangalore, India, as they do in Bellevue. And they can do it at a fraction of the cost.Of course this comes at the expense of not only lower class and low skilled workers in the U.S., but even in the middle classes, there are plenty of jobs that are now outsourced.. Again, inability to find work means inability to purchase homes, elapse money, and profit companies. When people dont buy, corporations that produce things dont make money, which can hence trickle down to few er jobs available and a greater desire to outsource to make things more cheaply so they allow be more attractive to consumers. Those supporting outsourcing say that lowering expenses of corporations ordain create jobs. There are plenty of government agencies that outsource some of their work, saving them millions of dollars, a direct effect on the US economy and on federal spending.A common theory contends that being able to pay people lower wages for work means that companies will be able to produce things with less expense and transfer this saving to consumers. Lower prices may mean more consumer spending, and companies will be able to hire more workers in the US because theyre paying less for workers outside of it. Further, many argue that giving jobs to workers in less developed countries improves those countries economically and increases trade for US products. It also increases a countrys ability to pay back debts to the US, and may promote better political relationships. Co mpanies economically benefit by selling their products in other countries. This means they can hire more people in the US and lower their prices on products for US consumers.

Impact of HESI Specialty Exams Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Impact of HESI Specialty Exams - Dissertation ExampleThese two theories were utilize as the basis for formulating a model for constructing Critical Thinking Test objects that were used in this study. This equal model was used for the previously concluded eight studies that were carried out to study the effectiveness of E2 in predicting the mastery of NCLEX-RN (Zweighaft, 2013).The E2 and the HESI Specialty Exam produced by the Elsevier, and the Ninth Validity Study Questionnaire, which was a design of the researcher, were used for info collection. The E2 is always administered during the final semester or quarter of the nursing curriculum. Its blueprint is a reflection of what is there in the NCLEX-RN plan. The HESI Specialty Exams always come at the end of the nursing curriculum. The study mainly used the HESI exams with examen units that atomic number 18 greater than 300. The questionnaire, which had 19 multiple-choice with open fields for comments, was used mainly to gather tuition from the deans and the directors of the respective schools regarding their policies on E2 and HESI Specialty exams. It also asked questions about the outcomes of the NCLEX-RN (Zweighaft, 2013). This study made use of Non-Experimental design. All drug user and none user schools were enumerated and a Random Number generator was used. Deans and directors from 97 schools of nursing were invited. Stratification of stochastic samples of the schools was done based on the three levels, Baccalaureate, Associate degree and diploma. A sample of 3790students from 63 willy-nilly selected schools participated in this study and power analysis indicated that this was a honorable sample.The study found out that the E2 are highly accurate in predicting the success of NCLEX-RN. The students who took part in Specialty Exams also showed higher substance in their E2 scores than those who did not take the Specialty Exams. This was determined using the Welch-Satterthwaites test (Zweighaft, 20 13). Since the information obtained in this ninth study are consistent with those of the previous studies, it shows that E2 scores can be good predictors of the success of the NCLEX-RN.

Visual Identity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Visual Identity - Assignment ExampleAnd (6) how does the visual identity written run across with the product or service of this company or organization?The company logotype is the famous logo for orchard orchard orchard apple tree tree tree, Inc. and is famously recognized globally by various people who have had interests in computers and its applications. The logo, representing the company Apple was first introduced to me during academic pursuit, as early as one could remember employ the personal computer. Likewise, I remember that the logo was initially in rainbow-colored horizontal stripes, but using exactly the same graphic form (an apple with a bite at the right side). Currently, it is in its monochromatic form to designate a more professionalized and sophisticated style commensurate to the word-painting that the organization aimed to project. A little look for apprised me that there was one logo prior to the famous visual representation of the company known as Newton Cre st which was used only for one year in 1976 (Edible Apple, 2009).The graphic design is a perfect fit for the company as it accurately provided a visual identity the representation of the apple with a bite, or byte that the designer, Rob Janoff, disclosed meant the bite in the Apple logo was originally use so that people would know that it represented an apple, and not a tomato. It also lent itself to a nerdy diddle on words (bite/byte), a fitting reference for a tech company (Edible Apple, 2009, par. 3). Therefore, aside from the apple image, the color selection and the bite were appropriately and effectively designed and evolved through the years to depict transformations from using a colorful logo as a means to humanize the company (Edible Apple, 2009, par. 4), into one unfastened of churning out sleek and cutting edge products (Edible Apple, 2009, par. 9). Therefore, the visual identity perfectly fit the image of the company in terms of providing opporunities for easy recognit ion and recall of the corporate name and the brand

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture Essay

Womens role in the development of American consumer culture - Essay ExampleThe business activities of the American women in the colonial period were oriented around the well-being of their home and family, so things like demeanor were of tertiary importance to them. Unlike them, the modern American women get in fashion as shortly as they reach adolescence. Modern American women smoke and drink in public, and embrace consumer culture. One focussing in which the role of women has significantly changed in the consumer culture in America since the colonial period is that women immediately have become the means of propagation of consumer culture both through consumption and through advertising. The ad of a new car is incomplete without a lady oozing sex appeal standing(a) next to it in the poster. Women have become more of sexualized objects in the media unlike women of the colonial period. The sexual objectification is voluntarily portrayed in ads to draw increased attention of the c onsumers. Besides, gender equality and women empowerment have do women equally strong consumers today as