Eurocrisis and Monetary&Fiscal Policy

The government will have to borrow from overseas or International Monetary Funds to pay for the differences between the import spending and export costs. The European Union lend to Greece 109 billion of euros to bailout (Foreleg and Walker, 2011, July 23). This is really a burden for a country and it may bring negative effects to the government policy and function, because the government will have to response the imbalance in both the government spending and policies. It is a real social cost. Meanwhile, the confidences of the foreign will be effect. They may care about the external imbalance in their partner country because it is related to their profits and stability.The external imbalance may make investors feel risky and then reduce the investment or charge more on the loans, which will make the imbalance worse. And for the country, it is really a risk because the economic imbalance has negative influences on many different factors, such as the value of the currency and the natio nal credit rating. Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain (PASS) face the decreasing of value of their credit rating. Now Greece is C and Portugal is B+ (Hawkers, 2012, January 14). Both of them are not optimistic. When government face recession they will consider increase public expenditure and cutting taxes to stimulate demand and decrease the unemployment rate (Quailing, Eastward and Holmes, 2009).However, in this case, the crisis countries have so many debts that make their government deficit large enough to do no actions. What they have to do is to austerity their fiscal policy to reduce the deficit. So Greece executes the 5 years plan to get loans. Comparing to other European countries, PASS are relatively falling behind. Their economies are more relied on labor force type of industry such as globalization, companies are seeking for cheaper labor forces; their advantages are no longer existed. If these countries do not adjust their industry structure, they will e much frag ile than now during the financial crisis. Also, the labor forces among European Union are also not liquid.Companies from different country have different tax system so their funds become bubbles. The theory of optimum currency area is based on labor mobility, price and wage flexibility as the preconditions. Also the mobility can instead of the floating of exchange rate. Euro zone creates a system that labor can move freely, however, because of the culture, language, welfare and social norms, the labor forces inside European Union cannot achieve completely liquid Robinson, 2008). Monetary Policy The central bank of Europe has set several targets to help to achieve and maintain the macro economic objectives. The main target is to keep the prices stable and achieve the low inflation level in the medium term.And it also set targets of maintaining financial system stability and improves the payments system. The purpose that the central bank of Europe sets these targets is to achieve the economic objectives, promoting the healthy growth of the whole economy (Paula, 2009). And the most common and effective measure used by it is the monetary policy. The central bank helps to achieve the macroeconomic objectives through meeting its targets, with using the monetary policy. Using the monetary policy, the central bank can change the interest rate to adjust the aggregate demand, and then help to achieve the macroeconomic objectives. When the inflation occurs, the central bank will carry out the cash rate target, bringing up the official interest rate.And then, the central bank will sell the government securities to commercial banks. The interest rate for cash will be increased, because the decrease of the cash supply. In order to maintain heir profits, financial institutions charges more rates on loans and so does the deposits. Therefore, the households and firms will borrow less and prefer to save money in the banks rather than spend quickly. It means that the aggregate d emand is reduced and so does the inflationary pressure. The reduction of demand brings the prices down, so domestic produced goods will have advantage in the prices in the international market. More export earnings will be got and the external balance will be achieved.In addition, the low prices may attract more foreign investors to invest, which will benefit to the long term economic growth and full employment. It means that although the higher interest rate will reduce the production and make people lose their Jobs in the short term, it could bring chances for the future development. The similar theory is suitable for the opposite condition. When the aggregate demand needs to be pulled up, the central bank will decrease the interest rate and encourage economic activities, stimulating the growth of the economy so European Central Bank decreased interest rate in December 2011 by 0. 25% to increase aggregate demand (European Central Bank, 2012).Also, European Union has the same monet ary policy but without the same fiscal policy (Brittany, Timelier, Bergsten, Exchanging and Meltzer, 2010). Government financial policy serves internal to increase economic growth and decrease the unemployment rate. Indeed, these two on the allocation efficiency, currency policy serves external to keep low inflation rate and the stable currency exchange rate (Hudson and Quailing, 2009). Currency system and government financial system are not unedited so the coordination is difficult. When European Union was founded, they do not consider the quitting system, so hen there come problems, the costs of negotiations are very high (Repack, 2010). It leads the problems to the Euro crisis.When one or two membership countries have problems with their economics, they only can discuss inside the meetings to solve the problems. Then the market will face the strong fluctuations, and these fluctuations also make the problems unsolved. The banks among Euro zone have other European Union countries' debts. This makes European banks' credit expansion crazily, and the management risks increase fast. Their ratio of total capital and Tier 1 capital is even Geiger than the banks in supreme crisis in the USA (Beg, 2009). Conclusion Overall, although investors are losing confidence with euros, the monetary policy keeps the Euro price stability at an acceptable range. MIFF also lend huge amount of euros to save the market.

Defining Beauty Essay

The word â€Å"beauty† can mean an unlimited amount of things to so many people. Some people see beauty as a woman with a small figure, with her hair and makeup done like that of a model in a magazine. Others may see beauty as more of an internal asset, such as a woman giving more to this world than she knows she’ll ever get back. Still, many others may see beauty as something that is unattainable because the definition of it is so ironically undefined and ambiguous, that it may even be seen as non-existent. Beauty is extremely versatile and its definition is often debated because beauty has unlimited definitions. No one’s definition of beauty is wrong. However, it does exist and can be seen with the eyes and felt with the heart. The first and most commonly referred to definition of beauty is external beauty, or superficial beauty. â€Å"Beauty is only skin-deep†, as some people may say. The general public typically views beauty as something that often must be seen to be believed; a girl is not pretty unless she can prove it with appearance. â€Å"In the perpetual â€Å"body image debate† on Xanga and in the world, there are frequently posts that say, basically: â€Å"All sizes can be beautiful! It’s what’s inside that counts anyways!† Multiple commenters will agree with them, and everyone descends into gooey e-group-hugs. What they’re trying to do†¦ is nice. I won’t argue with â€Å"all sizes can be beautiful†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I have my preferences and you have yours, and ideally we won’t bash one group or the other despite those preferences. I also won’t argue with â€Å"what’s inside counts,† because it’s obvious that one’s personality directly affects the way one is able to bond with people over time. But, to those who try to proclaim â€Å"looks don’t matter,† I say: Bullshit.† (Walker 2010). Whether this mentality is seen as ethically wrong or not, it IS a mentality and it IS acknowledged. If a person believes beauty is solely defined by physical appearance, then that is their individual opinion, and cannot be taken away from them, or marked as â€Å"wrong†. The second form of beauty, most naturally comes to mind as what’s known as â€Å"internal beauty†. You’ll most often hear things like â€Å"It’s what on the  inside that matters!† â€Å"Happy girls are the prettiest!† and the infamous â€Å"You have a great personality and that’s what matters!† Internal beauty IS what’s on the inside, obviously. Internal beauty is personality, charisma, lovingness, generosity; all the characteristics that typically make a person â€Å"beautiful† on the inside. â€Å"As I grew up, I began to realize outer beauty was not so important to make someone good. I remember a friend of mine who was so beautiful that every classmate wanted to talk with her, but she was very arrogant. She believed that she could do everything she wanted because she was so beautiful, but she lost friends one by one. My poor friend! But she learned a good lesson: inner beauty is more important than outer beau ty. After she learned that, she changed her attitude and made friends again.† (Ji 2010). Many people still believe that inner beauty is as important as outer beauty, while still some believe it is more important. This mentality is not wrong because it makes sense to the people that believe it. It must be acknowledged whether people think personality is more important than makeup, or not. And still, some people believe and feel that beauty can only be defined by the person who feels it. In other words, my internal and external beauty is examined and defined by the rest of the world, without me having anything to say about it. This particular definition says that that individual person, in this example being me; that I get to say whether I’m beautiful or not based off of how I feel, not the rest of the world, based off of one or both of the previous definitions. It is simply, what you define yourself as. â€Å"I know I looked beautiful that morning. Perhaps not to the young man holding his toddler in his arms who rode the elevator with me; perhaps not to the friend I met for lunch, a true believer in Botox; perhaps not to passersby on the street; but I knew it for a certainty. I was beautiful. I don’t believe that inner beauty is sufficient in this cruel world. That’s the pap one tells a child. I don’t believe that positive thinking improves your skin tone or that loving or being loved changes the shape of your nose or restores the thickness and color of hair, but I do know that there is a way of being beautiful, even as age takes its toll, that has something to do with the spirit filling with joy, something to do with the union with another human being, with the sense of having done well at something  enormously important, like making happy a man who has made you happy often enough.† (Roiphe 2012). Beauty cannot be defined as a single thing. It has no bounds; no limits as to say how beautiful something or someone can be, or if it’s beautiful or not. Beauty can’t be erased because it is forever living. No person sees it the exact same way. No one’s definition of it is incorrect because it has many definitions. Beauty exists, and can be felt more and more ways every day of our lives. Works Cited Ji, EunSuk. â€Å"Inner Beauty Is the Real Beauty – TOPICS Online Magazine | ESl/EFL | Sandy and Thomas Peters.† Inner Beauty Is the Real Beauty – TOPICS Online Magazine | ESl/EFL | Sandy and Thomas Peters. N.p., 07 Dec. 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. . Roiphe, Anne. â€Å"What Makes Me Feel Beautiful.† Real Simple. N.p., 13 Aug. 2012. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. . Walker, Alexia. â€Å"Outer Beauty Totally Matters (Don’t Try to Deny It).† lovelyish.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov 2013. .

Viewpoints on Theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Viewpoints on Theory - Coursework Example ies are concrete and narrow and constitute a limited number of offers and concepts written at a comparatively precise and concrete level (Blais et al., 2006). Some of the widely employed middle range theories are Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations, Orlando’s theory of deliberative nursing process and Watson’s theory of human caring (McEwen & Wills, 2014). All these theories have contributed to the development of evidence-based practice. Indeed, middle range theories are polished through repeated research offering a more detailed emphasis. Notably, middle range theories are predominantly well-matched to empirical testing since the particular conceptions can be operationalized without many challenges (Parker & Smith, 2010). Middle range theories specify some of the associations between concepts in nursing evidence-based practice (McEwen & Wills, 2014). In this case, middle range theories such as Watson’s theory of human caring offer an explanation on the reason and the degree to which one concept of nursing practice is associated with the other. On the other hand, middle range theories also offer predictions on the actual associations between conceptions or the effect of one concept on another (Blais et al., 2006). For instance, Orlando’s theory of deliberative nursing process addresses how alterations in the nursing process occur (Meleis,

Economics & Global Bus. Apps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics & Global Bus. Apps - Essay Example China on the other hand has a very hierarchical and formal social structure which stretches to family, business and institutional life. For instance, respect for elders it is expected of children and the eldest family member bids the highest respect (Dipak 59). Collectivism vs. Individualism In china, individuals consider ideas in a collective sense in that before making a decision, they frequently consider the effects of their actions on their friends, colleagues and neighbors. Usually, decisions are not made for individual gain but for the greater good. In America, it is normal to make personal motives and goals a priority over the collective ones. This attribute is frequently encouraged so as to induce drive and aspiration to attain personal and business success (Robert, Philip and Sarah 35). Business Relations Business relations are a reflection of the individual and collective nature of the two societies. The term 'guan xi' is commonly used in China and refers to emphasis being placed on the significance of building social networks so as to carry out business (Dipak 71). This is mirrored in the significance of socializing with counterparts and getting to know them before signing a deal. As a result, ensuring a business deal in china is frequently a long procedure. In the US on the other hand, business is a more cut throat procedure that emphasizes more on efficiency and speed rather than on building relationships. Morals and Values In America, individuals are comfortable about praising, playing up and talking about success openly with humility being considered a weakness by some. In the Chinese culture, respect and humility are very important. When talking about successes, it is expected of people to be modest and treat each other well, or not to talk about them at all (Robert, Philip and Sarah 39). Additionally, in America, there are grayer areas and the issue of morality is not set in stone but a matter of discussion. In china however there is a firm sen se of right and wrong. Freedom of Expression The people of china are bound sternly by protocol and believe it is better to honor and respect the opinion of others even if you don’t agree with them than to demand for other people to concur with your ideals. In American culture individuals are urged to argue on contentious issues regardless of whether they may lead to confrontation all (Robert, Philip and Sarah 42). U.S. business practices in China vs. USA The 4 P’s of marketing have both similarities and differences in China and USA. The Price of a product has a higher elasticity of demand in China than in USA. While moving to China, it is important to ensure that a company establishes competitive and stable prices if a product is to compete with the existing products. Price changes have a higher effect on sales in China than in USA due to lower purchasing power of the Chinese in comparison with Americans. Chinese buyers feel more exploited by western companies than by local ones thus making price elasticity for foreign companies in China higher than that of local companies. While considering the product, it is also important to build a strong brand in order to penetrate the Chinese market which is characterised by many popular brands. Use of Chinese name for a brand would be a plus rather than maintain the name the product uses in USA. Product quality is not as important as it is in USA.

Recruitment of Children as Soldiers in Sub-Saharan Africa Research Paper

Recruitment of Children as Soldiers in Sub-Saharan Africa - Research Paper Example African continent experienced frequent civil conflicts especially in the sub-Saharan region such as Rwanda, Liberia, DRC and Burundi, just to mention but a few. In this war torn region, the harrowing development is that children are used as sex slaves. One of the groups in Africa that recruit minors as soldiers are the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) govern by Joseph Kony. For more than two decades, this rebel group has fought the government of Uganda and has recruited minors in this war. Their leader, Joseph, has over the period replenished his war force by abducting young people to recruit. This has been his primary means of maintaining his small army group over the years because the local community has shown little or no support. The minors abducted are then taken to southern Sudan to receive harsh-seasoned training. Cases of body mutilation using machetes were reported where the LRA undertook forceful recruitment. This was common whenever the victims developed resistance. It is, therefore, important to note that the victims are recruited by means of coercion such as forced recruitment and compulsory conscription.The latter may involve identifying the victims using their date of birth.In cases where abduction was employed such as Ethiopia, the rebel groups used to besiege a public place such as marketplaces and select the victims using eligibility criteria. . In cases where the victim demonstrated resistance, the rebels would apply brutish techniques aimed at weakening and subduing them.

Management Science & System Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management Science & System - Coursework Example This competency is described as the ability to systematically and fairly measure what is commonly thought as hidden costs difficult to quantify (INFORMS2010). Q. In the case study, five scenarios are presented (pages 60-61) but there is no detailed analysis of how the scenarios were identified. Explain how management science could have been used to identify a range of scenarios in this case. In the article â€Å"Accelerating the profitability of HP Supply chain,† the challenge to maintain corporate performance compels that a deeper analysis of simple product movement from end to end be drawn. First off, the industry pace dictates short term product value, whereas older products lose value quickly. Second, the HP operation is described by New York Times as an expansive business offering involving tens of thousands of products in million product configurations. Having the greater chunk of market shares in PCs, printers, and servers in over 170 countries across six continents is held by HP, continuous product entry occurs in the pipeline. To ensure effective service levels, HP has to contend with severe market diverse. Certain regions have less concentrated demands but high product variety. In which case, the inventory driven costs are considerably fixed values that can be controlled, if not brought to minimum, relative to its volume production. More importantly, these values can be measured and forecast (Davenport 2010, INFORMS2010, Ward et al 2010). The science behind the formulation of scenarios was pioneered by L. R. Ford. The idea is a particular scenario makes up network flows or a chain of related activities. In a set of scenarios, network flows could be analysed by comparison. The analysis assumes all variables remain unchanged except for a single factor in the supply chain configuration, which is altered deliberately to identify profit variation. Or, the cost structure determined in a particular scenario specifies the level of

Management of Malnutrition Among Adult Patients Essay

Management of Malnutrition Among Adult Patients - Essay Example But a healthful diet can prevent many illnesses. In fact, WHO estimates that up to 40percent of cancer cases could be prevented by better eating habits and by exercise. However, with the existence of different illnesses in the society and the different therapies that are needed to be given to the patients in hospitals and even in homecare, malnutrition becomes an unavoidable matter. To prove this particular matter, the following diagram shall make an indicative implication as to how malnutrition actually affects the aged patients who need to undergo certain medications that require lesser solid food intake. It has been observed that there is at least 15% annual increase in the measure of patients being involved in issues of malnutrition. The diagram that follows herein simply pertain to the record garnered from the year 2005; with the years fast progressing, one could just imagine how much the estimated diagram presentations have actually increased in rate measurements as to how much more are naturally included in the record of malnourished patients in different hospitals around the world. From the diagram presented above, it could be observed that the rate of the patients undergoing the situation of malnutrition during medication are naturally expected to result to high mortality rate among the said particular population considered in the situation. No matter, even though malnutrition among patients undergoing certain medical therapies cou... situation could not be dealt with systematically so as to bring back the health and enthusiasm of the said individuals for the right nutrition that they actually need. Hence, to be able to support the said needed improvement in the health situation of the primary patients to be treated by the process to be proposed herein, a presentation of the major indicative factors to consider in the process shall be discussed herein. Program Title: Dietary Nutrition Therapy (1) Objective: To assist adult patients in their struggle for better nourishment. These patients are noted to have special health cases that require constant care especially with regards nutritional intake. (2) Mission: To make sure that adults undergoing special health treatments are given the right nutrition even when they are under a certain medication treatments that require less or no solid food intake at all. (3) Particular health cases to be considered for dietary nutrition therapy are as follows: Stroke Cancer Oesphageal Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Huntington's Disease Heart failure Parkinson's Disease Tuberculosis These are only a few among the qualified health cases that could be assisted through the dietary nutrition therapy procedures. There are still other health failures that could be supported through the utilization of the said dietary therapy. It should also be noted that the dietary nutrition therapy is strongly suggested o be taken by those who are not supposed to eat for weeks or days due to some other medication therapies they need to take. NOTES TO CONSIDER: (a) The measure of malnutrition in a patient should be well examined by the attending doctor. (b) The parallelism of the medication with the suggested dietary assistance program therapy noted herein should be well

W5 Discussion OM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W5 Discussion OM - Essay Example Meanwhile when such time and resources are saved in the delivery of work, efficiency becomes guaranteed (Meredith and Shafer, 2014). With this noted, there was sufficient evidence from the case that even though decentralization can solve most of the organization’s issues with efficiency and efficiency, the efforts of companies did not have to end with the creation of divisions (Abdullah, 2004). For example, once there was poor prioritization of resources, it was noticed that the output of work was not as forthcoming as expected. In order words, the need to apply continuous processing improvement strategies is always important; regardless of the organizational system or structure being practiced (Martinez, 2011). For example, within a typical decentralized organization, using a lean tool will ensure that much saving is made with regards to the use of time and resources. This is because several jammed processes that cause and create waiting and other forms of waste will be identified and dealt with (Labovitz and Rosansky, 2007). As evidenced in the case, the lean tool could ensure that priority is given to m ost important processes that guaranteed the best of

Analysis of eBays Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of eBays Business Strategy - Essay Example eBay uses online auction-based marketing strategy to expand business across the world. The company has developed community value concept among users while core essence of the concept lies in trusting people. They are trading thousands of dollar daily via online community and the business process is based on faith in online community members. The marketing strategy of the company can be entangled with business strategy. They implemented the concept of e-commerce to create the online platform for buyers and sellers to do the transaction. They did not limit themselves in the USA but designed online platform for international buyers and sellers. They successfully created an environment complemented with mutual trust for traders and ultimately fosters the concept of e-loyalty among them. The company has established a strategic relationship with more than sixty websites to attract new customers and their partnership with America Online helped them access large internet user base. This Move helped them to create an entry barrier for AOL to enter online auction market. Business Exchange program of the company added local dealers to participate in consumer auction market and this strategy helped the company domestic auction market of the country. eBay has rightly analyzed trading behavior of local customers and hence they have developed fifty-three local sites for the country. They expand distribution channel across the country and designed transaction site in accordance with consumer behavior of local users. They have entered more than thirty countries with establishing hundreds of transaction sites. Customers across the globe can get transaction support on a real-time basis. The company did not invest a single dollar on marketing in the initial years and the relied on time-tested viral marketing and word of mouth strategy to promote the brand among customers. Then they shifted to below the line promotion like electronic display, ambient advertising to increase brand visibility, and customers. They shifted their focus to e-marketing after digital marketing revolution. They used a web browser, social media platform, emails to generate response among online users.

English usage and style in Academic Writing Essay

English usage and style in Academic Writing - Essay Example People are wrong when they compare the supremacy of English and Latin in ancient societies. The skeptics of the language are forgetting that Latin was preferable when there were limited resources for documenting languages. Additionally, Latin underwent consolidation around Europe. In contrast, English is a cross-cultural language that does not belong to a particular group of people. According to Mastin (2007, p, 1), different version of English exists but people still use the fundamentals of language. English will not become destroyed because the language is not limited to the workplace. The language also dominates communication on social networking sites. Spanish as a language in Singapore has not hindered the dominance of English as an approach to communication. English is the primary language that facilitated communication in Australia, US and Britain. Besides, countries like Nigeria have adopted the language for official duties. In the past, natives Britons communicate appropriately in English; however, this trend changed with civilization (David, 2003, p, 2). Presently, non-natives have developed a good command of the language despite English being their second language. For example, nations that considered English an alien language are cherishing the language during conversations. The emergence of English is an indication that dialect is not an influencing factor when using the language. The need for a global language sets the foundation for adopting English in different places around the globe. Scholars are encouraging people to use English as the global language with the intention of limiting misunderstandings that are attributable to communication. Indeed, English is the lingua franca for trade and other global activities (Peterson, 2006, p, 3). International bodies such as the â€Å"United Nations† contribute to the progress of the language as the Lingua Franca. Moreover, the academic field is

Blues and Jazz Essay Example for Free

Blues and Jazz Essay Blues and Jazz are both very popular genres of music spanning almost a century of culture, aesthetics and spirituality. As the blues and jazz are horribly interrelated, this paper will try to differentiate the two great genres of music. A. What is Blues? Per definition, blues is the name given to both musical form and genre of blues. First coined by the African-American communities in the South of the United States of America by the end of the 19th Century, Blues was inspired by spirituality, work song, field hollers and chants- uncomplicated narrative ballads that rhymes. Its form is defined by the use of specific chord progressions- the most common being the twelve-bar blues chord and the singing is for stimulating purposes at slightly lower pitch than that of the major scale. Blues can be divided in several subgenres ranging from country to urban blues to electric blues to blues rock to punk blues. The term â€Å"the blues† refers to melancholy and sadness. The blues lyrics often refers to depressed mood as it embodies the African laborer, whose hardships and spirit is wed to the songs. B. What is Jazz? In contrast, Jazz sprung from the confluence of African and European music traditions. The African heritage evident in the use of blues notes, improvisation, polyrythms, syncopation and the swung note. The term â€Å"jazz† originated from a West Coast slang term and first used to refer to music in Chicago. Jazz has spawned plenty of genres from New Orleans Dixieland to big-band style swing to bebop to latin jazz to Afro-Cuban and Brazilian jazz to jazz-rock to acid jazz. The spread of jazz cultivated music and aesthetics around the world, hence, giving rise to plenty of unique styles. II. History A. Origin of Blues The Blues was born just after the civil war in North Mississippi. A singer would sing a line, and a guitar would answer. For many years, Blues was recorded only by memory, depicted and told live and in person. It was first made popular by the black composer, W. C. Handy in 1911-1914 The publication of Handy’s â€Å"Memphis Blues† and â€Å"St. Louis Blues† has made Blues popular. By the 1920s, Blues became a national craze. Mamie Smith recorded the first vocal blues song, â€Å"Crazy Blues†. The later 40’s and early 50’s saw the like of Willie Dixon playing what was Mississippi Delta blues backed by bass, drums, piano and occasionally harmonica and so began the popularity of blues on national television. Meanwhile, T-Bone Walker and B. B. King pioneered a style of guitar playing that combined jazz technique with the blues tonality and repertoire. In the 1960’s, bands like the Rolling Stones had picked up the Blues and brought it to young American white men. Rock, since the 1960’s, went through several blues revivals. The latest generation of blues players has drawn a new generation listeners to the blues. B. Origins of Jazz New Orleans is often credited as the birth place of Jazz. African-American music, through the Blues began the improvisation of Jazz. The most influential man is Louis Armstrong, the father of modern jazz. The swing era (1930s-40s) is the most popular and accessible time of Jazz, during this time, Jazz was the most popular music in America. What followed the swing era was one of the most important creative eras since the inception of Jazz. Mid 1940’s to mid 1950’s saw the birth of bebop. Quicker pace and complex harmony were combined with popular melodies to create this kind of subgenre. Jazz in the 1960s was inspired by the avant garde movement. Jazz musicians took the genre to the boundaries of creativity and began to speak out on social issues. The current era of jazz can be deemed to be a combination of the avant garde and neoclassical movement. Through improvisation, current musicians keep pushing jazz to the boundaries of music, experimenting with hip hop and other forms of music. III. Instruments and Musicians A. Instruments/Musicians in Blues Blues uses just about any musical instrument- guitar, piano, harmonica, bass guitar, drums, saxophone, vocals, trumpet, trombone. Different performers use different kinds of instruments. For instance, performers such as Frank Stokes, and Memphis Minnie utilised instruments such as washboard, fiddle, kazoo and mandolin. Musicians who have been famous in Blues include the like of Josh White (1914 or 1915-1969), Sonny Boy Williamson I (1914-1948), Gladys Bentley (1907-1960), T-Bone Walker (1910-1975), Roosevelt Sykes (1906-1983), Memphis Slim (1915-1988), Arnold Moore (1914-2005), Baby Face Leroy Foster (1923-1958), Lenny Kravitz (born 1964). B. Instruments/Musicians in Jazz Just like blues, jazz uses just about any musical instrument- saxophone, trumpet, trombone, clarinet, flute, piano, guitar, double bass, tuba, drums, vocals, vibraphone. Famous jazz musicians include Louis Armstrong (1901–1971), Thelonious Monk (1917–1982), Maynard Ferguson (1928-2006), Herbie Hancock (born 1940), Benny Carter (1907–2003), Glenn Miller (1904–1944), Charles Mingus (1922–1979). IV. Audiences A. Blues Audience The Blues originally was sang by the African-American laborer, to express his emotions on the general hardships in life. However, blues has reached the whole world. All the drama is still there but it is spread for those who can appreciate it. Anyone or everyone can be the audience. B. Jazz Audience Jazz, was spawned by the blues and since its inception, has now gathered millions of audiences around the world. There is no selective audience for this genre, anyone who appreciates jazz music is welcome to be its audience. V. Conclusion Blues is considered as the forerunner of Jazz, given that it started earlier and it actually spawned jazz music. Blues also speaks of traditions and personal experiences (the African-American laborer). Hence, Blues is more of a feel-based kind of music. It is very free, the only purpose is to relay the feelings, expressions of the artist. Jazz, for its part, is considered as dance music and improvisation is at its core. Jazz also incorporates more color, this is tricky for non-musicians and is far more technical in its aspect. Jazz is an exploration on how to make music more colorful, hence jazz spawned a lot of subgenres. When it comes to audience, there is only the matter of appreciation. Anyone who appreciates blues is welcome to blues. The same principle applies to jazz music. Works Cited: History-of-rock. com â€Å"A Short Blues History. † n. d. 27 Jul. 2009 http://www. history-of-rock. com/blues. htm. Unc. edu. â€Å"A (very) brief history of jazz. † n. d. 27 Jul. 2009 http://ils. unc. edu/~jnvicker/inls181/final/histpart2. html. Wikipedia. â€Å"Blues. † n. d. 27 Jul. 2009 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Blues. Wikipedia. â€Å"Jazz. † n. d. 27 Jul. 2009 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jazz.

The affect of the Mexican Revolution Essay Example for Free

The affect of the Mexican Revolution Essay Francisco Bollain y Goitia Garcia (1882-1960) is a prominent Mexican artists of the XX century, who has been almost forgotten for decades and is now rediscovered. His works are rather complicated for perception and they can hardly be called pleasant, for Goitia concentrated on the most homely aspects of the world around him, demonstrating the fatality of revolution and violent changes in the most shocking way. This paper is to investigate two of his famous paintings – Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men I and Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men II. The paper is to demonstrate the style and manner of painting, as well as compare those pictures with works of other Mexican painters of the time such as Jose Clemente Orozco and Victor Augustin Cassasola. Some biographical data about Goitia is necessary to understand his works, so the paper shall open with a short biographic reference about the artist. Francisco Goitia was born in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. Being a talented artist since his early years he studied in the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City and than in Barcelona with the Spanish artist Francisco Gali. Upon return to his home country in 1912 he has found it being wasted by the revolution. Having occupied the position of official painter for General Angel of Pancho Villas army he had an ability to observe war and it’s consequences with his own eyes. The experience influenced Goitia’s works greatly and his paintings are now examples of uncovered brutality and dread. There were even claims that Goitia ordered to exhume executed soldiers and hang them on cactuses as models for his pictures so it is hard to say how much in his paintings comes from real facts and how much from artificial staging of his morbid fantasies. Goitia has never worked with monumental forms so characteristic for Mexican art of the time. His canvases remained inside realism, impressionism and to a great extent symbolism, so he never became so popular as Diego Rivera or Jose Orozco. His last years passed in self-imposed poverty, but still he was quite a famous painter inside Mexico since early 20-s. In recent years his works became of interest for scholars outside Mexico as well. Both landscapes of Zacatecas (I and II) were painted most probably in 1914, although the exact date is unknown. They are both variations about the same topic: a bleak depressive landscape with half-dissolved corpses of hanged men on the trees. Both pictures were drawn from nature. Goitia knew this terrain well since he himself was born in Zacatecas, so he takes almost an intimate and affected position towards the scene. The landscape is typical for northern Mexico – it includes grey and yellow desert land with hills on the horizon and yuccas growing everywhere. The men hanged on the trees seem to their parts – so â€Å"naturally† they are tied to the branches. Most of the researchers point biblical analogies in the first painting for the landscape is so bleak that it reminds Golgotha. The analogy becomes even stronger for Goitia called his series of paintings about revolution â€Å"martyrdoms†. Goitia has been in the army of Pancho Villa in 1914 when he has captured the capital city of Zacatecas. Being both fascinated and frightened by that what he has seen he started feeling that his mission was to record the epic events of the revolution for history. As he himself put it â€Å"I went everywhere with the army, observing. I did not carry any weapons because I knew that the mission of killing was not mine† . Among the things Goitia has witnessed was death of general Lazaro Gomez, who has been repulsing enemy attacks auntill he ran out of ammunition and shot to his back after being taken prisoner. The body of the general has been beheaded and hanged on a tree with his head replaced with the head of a steer. It is believed that exactly death of Gomez inspired Goitia to paint his Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men I, although he used bodies of simple soldiers as â€Å"models†. So the first variant of the painting can really be considered a record of actual events, although Goitia did not concentrate on the death of a particular man, but aimed to show the series of deaths in Zacatecas. The most obvious difference between two variants of paintings is the manner in which they are drawn and involvement of the spectator. Zacatecas I still looks like a â€Å"real† classical painting with obvious elements attributable to artistic form including shape, symmetry, movement and rhythm. The background plays an active role in the picture and the bodies of the hanged look simply like the bodies of the hanged. They are horrible and shocking, but at least â€Å"natural†. Perhaps Goitia was not satisfied with the artistic effect of the first painting, so in the second variant he made it more impressive and less realistic . This was necessary to strike the audience in the necessary way. In the second painting two dead bodies are absolute centre of the compositions, and their empty eyeholes are pointed directly ad the spectator, as if they were looking at him. The position of the bodies creates an impression of surrealistic â€Å"gates† to the dreadful reality of death and grief. Death and it’s triumph are key points of the picture. The first variant is painted with oil on canvas and the second one looks more like a touchy pencil drawing, which has later been colored. To make his second painting even more symbolic Goitia replaced usual terrain of Zacatecas with surrealistic vision of deadly symbolism. In Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men II the trees seem to come out from gothic descriptions of Poe as they are gnarled and lifeless being painted with pale cold colors. Skulls of animals on the ground once more stress that death is a true master of the stage. The only living creatures on the second painting are owls – traditional symbols of night and forerunners of death. They create a ghostly atmosphere of the scene. Bodies are waved to different sides paralleling the braches they hang on, so they seem to be blown by different winds. White sun in the grey skies creates an image of omen. The general impression from the first picture is that Goitia painted that what he has seen and the second picture is undoubtedly a manifesto of his views, in which he tried to impress the observers by shocking view of horrifying images. As it has been already mentioned, the paintings belong to Goitia’s revolutionary period when he worked as a painter of Mexican federal army. The revolution in Mexico lasted from 1910 till 1917. Some scholars believe that Cristero rebellion of 1926-1929 was also a part of the revolution, so revolutionary events lasted in Mexico for almost two decades. Goitia’s paintings are images of that what virtually every Mexican of the time has once experienced, and this is perhaps the main reason why Goitia is so popular in Mexico and less famous outside its borders. It is hard to say for sure whether Goitia was an active supporter of the revolution or just followed the army as a chronicler. His later memoirs seem to support the second point of view – Goitia remained an artist but not a revolutionary throughout his travels after the army. The manner of paintings and their impression also correspond to the version. He has never painted any picture in which he would admire revolution, but both paintings seem rather to blame its barbarity. The manner of Goitia’s painting reminds the most famous apocalyptic pictures such as Triumph of Death by Peter Breugel, descriptions of war by Goya or Picasso’s Guernica. Most of the revolutionary painters glorify its triumphs and view it as a way to the new world. Goitia has chosen to demonstrate the horrifying â€Å"side effects† of progressive social upheavals. This was enough for him to be considered one of the sharpest critics of revolution in art. He explained that: â€Å"You see that it is natural that circumstances have made my temperament more inclined to the profound. There is a great deal of sadness in this country and I have tried to sum a certain phase of it† . Such Goitia’s insights are rather unusual for Mexico of the time, where revolution became almost a national idea, reflected in numerous artworks. This includes frescos by Diego Rivera or monumental modernist paintings of Jose Clemente Orozco. Mexican artists of the time shared different views of the revolution but there was one common thing for all of them – for them revolution was a magnificent event, a high tide of spirit and will, but in no way a vision of death and destruction. For example Diego Rivera was an incandescent Trotskyist, absolutizing the idea of global revolution and idealizing Trotsky as its dramatic leader. Orozco is a more complicated case for he was interested more in changes that revolution would cause in human minds and in the society. Still his art stands closer to the supporters of revolution as he used expressive modernist techniques being a revolutionary artist by his mere nature. And another common point of Rivera and Orozco is that they both are working with â€Å"objective reality† using artistic means to make the spectator impressed by this reality . In contrast, Goitia’s paintings are full of his own attitudes and they allow the spectator to make his. Revolutionary artists provided only one view, Goitia allowed the audience to chose. Although it is hard to find a â€Å"colleague† for Goitia between painters, such â€Å"colleague† still existed among photographers. Augustin Casasola in fact worked for the newspapers, but he would remain a usual reporter in case his pictures were not full of artistic sense, making them close to Goitia’s graphic works. As the revolution spread along Mexico Casasola established his own agency to provide home and foreign press with photographs of the event. Working as an independent photographer he was able to use his talent in full. he concentrated on all aspects of the revolution showing both victories and, like Goitia, the unattractive sides. He has also gathered a large collection of images of revolutionary individuals – from officers to peasants in their surroundings. Like Goitia his manner has been characterized by psychological dramatics and involvement of the spectator to the picture . Warlike and revolutionary art is always popular because there are always lots of people who are ready to admire the triumph of spirit and epic deeds. Less popular is art that shows the another side of war and revolution – death and destruction. To show this side the painter needs to be much more talented and avoid being just a thrilling entertainment. For this reason only a few painters became great after painting atrocities of war. Goitia is perhaps not so famous as Goya, but his works are deeply original.For this reason he is now being rediscovered and investigated by art historians worldwide. Works Cited: 1. Dore Ashton. (1999) Mexican Art of the Twentieth Century. In The 20th Century Art Book. ed. by Editors of Phaidon Press 2. Jacqueline Barnitz (2001) Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America University of Texas Press 3. Latin American Painting available at: http://www. chicagomanualofstyle. org/tools_citationguide. html (last accessed: November 19, 2007) 4. Viva Casasola! http://emiliobrizzi. blogspot. com/2007/03/viva-casasola. html (last accessed: November 19, 2007)

Tartuffe by Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere

Tartuffe by Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere Tartuffe is a comedy of manners written by Jean-Baptiste Poquelin Moliere in 1759 during the enlightenment period of history. In this work, Moliere attacks the hypocrisy and corruption that had gradually crept into some of the old man-made institutions such as the church and the aristocracy. As the plot unfolds, and the struggle between rational and irrational characters develops, Molieres enlightened reasoning becomes visible in the reflection of the folly and absurdity that he builds into the targets of his satire. The contrast between the behaviors that Moliere assigns to his stereotyped characters and the popular perception of these same characters in real life creates a wide gap raising questions in the minds of the reader. This reconciling of fact with fiction causes a rising of tension that is dispelled through laughter. With this in mind, Molieres ideas for fixing things can be learned by examining the opposite attributes of these characters. For instance, the opposite of dis honesty is honesty. The opposite of hypocrisy is integrity, and the opposite of blindly accepting the percepts of demagogues is free thinking. Thus, Molieres advocating of honesty, integrity and freedom of thought in the church and upper classes of society qualifies him to be counted among the leaders of the enlightenment movement in the eighteenth century. In Act I, Scene 1 of Tartuffe, Madame Pernelle is visiting her son Orgons home when she becomes irritated at the household members and visitors for not paying enough attention and respect to her. It is at this time that Dorine, Maryanes ladies-maid, further angers Madame Pernelle over comments she makes about Tartuffe, Orgons house guest. Madame Pernelle defends Tartuffe, Well, mark my words, your souls would fare far better if you obeyed his precepts to the letter. Dorine replies, You see him as a saint. Im far less awed; In fact, I see right through him. Hes a fraud In this exchange, Moliere portrays Dorine as a voice of reason in order for Madame Pernelle to be clearly seen as pompous and irrational. In the end, it becomes obvious that Madame Pernelle would have been wise to take heed to Dorines rational counsel. Another confrontation between the rational and irrational can be followed in Act I, Scene 5 as Cleante tries to talk to Orgon about his misplaced admiration of Tartuffe. Orgon tells Cleante, Oh, had you seen Tartuffe as I first knew him your heart, like mine, would have surrendered to him. Cleante responds, And, while your praise of him is quite sincere, I think that youve been dreadfully deluded. This is one of the major faults that Moliere finds with the aristocracy, blindly following the precepts of another instead of thinking for themselves. Once again, had Orgon listened to Cleantes rational advice, he would have avoided all the trouble that followed. Also, in another conversation in Act V, Scene 2 as Orgon finally discovers the truth about Tartuffe, he tells Cleante, Just think of it: behind that fervent face, a heart so wicked, and a soul so base! I took him in, a hungry beggar, and thenEnough, by God! Im through with pious men: To this statement, Cleante answers, Ah, there you go-extravagant as ever! Why can you not be rational? You never manage to take the middle course, it seems, but jump, instead, between absurd extremes Moliere is presenting a contrast between the shallow, emotionally clouded thinking of the aristocracy and the rational thinking of the enlightened. Cleante is trying to advise Orgon to calm down and use rational thinking to put these upsetting events into proper perspective. If Orgon could do this he would not have gotten himself into such an awful predicament. In Act II, Scene 2, Moliere continues to chip away at the aristocracy by drawing attention to Orgons tyrannical domination of family members, especia lly Maryane. When she tries to resist Orgons decision to have her marry Tartuffe, he states, In short, dear Daughter, I mean to be obeyed, and you must bow to the sound choice Ive made In Elmires interaction with Tartuffe, reason is once again seen triumphing over hypocrisy and deceit. It seems that among the several vices covertly enjoyed by Tartuffe is his lust for the ladies, and one of the services he graciously offers to Orgon is to keep a close eye on his attractive wife, Elmire, to insure her fidelity to him. However, when Orgon announces that he has decided to give the hand of his daughter, Maryane, in marriage to Tartuffe, Elmire intervenes. She attempts unsuccessfully to privately persuade Tartuffe to allow Maryane to marry her original fiancà ©e Valere. During this encounter, Tartuffe makes improper advances toward Elmire saying, In short, I offer you, my dear Elmire, love without scandal, pleasure without fear. Then, after declining this proposal, Elmire tries to reason with him by promising not to tell Orgon about his momentary loss of control, if he would release Maryane from her obligation to marry him. Elmire says, But I shall be discreet about you r lapse, Ill tell my husband nothing about what has occurred if in return, youll give your solemn word to advocate as forcefully as you can the marriage of Valere and Mariane. In the final analysis, it is Tartuffe who with no visible redeeming qualities plays the heavy weight villain. Elmire, being a person of reason, is seen pitted against his irrational and deceitful behavior as he begins to reveal his true colors as a self-serving, pious fraud, and hypocrite to the end. The very idea of Tartuffe, an old fat middle aged man, marring an attractive young woman such as Maryane is absurd to everyone except Orgon and Tartuffe. Elmire fails in her attempt to negotiate with Tartuffe and is forced by the marriage dilemma to formulate a different plan to deal with the situation. This new plan involves Orgon hiding under the table and finally gives Tartuffe enough rope to hang himself or at least expose himself as a con artist to everyone involved including the king himself. If all the irrational characters in Tartuffe had taken the advice of all the rational characters, there would have been no tale to tell. Everyone would have smoothly conducted their business successfully without friction. Considering that events did not move ahead with ease, but did finally work out satisfactorily, it could mean that the irrational characters had accepted and acted upon enough of the advice from the rational characters that a good result was finally achieved in the end with a little luck from the King. Had all the irrational characters taken the advice of all the rational characters there would have been nothing to write. Throughout Tartuffe, Moliere uses satire to champion the cause of reason and chip away at what he perceives to be unnecessary and destructive practices and beliefs that had gradually encrusted many of the old institutions of the day. He pays particular attention to hypocrisy in the established church. He sees avarice and corruption in the way the church exercises massive political power over its members and in the accumulation of great wealth by many church officials. Being a comedy of manners, Moliere also finds the blind trust that the aristocracy seems to place in the old social institutions of the day to be particularly worthy of his biting humor. He feels that each individual was given a mind capable of doing its own thinking, and that mind should be used freely and often to guide his path.

Pacific Colors :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Pacific Colonial Acquisition in the Pacific/ Colonization in the Pacific: Colonization in the Pacific began with the arrival of the first missionaries who came to spread the good news of God, the traders and whalers who came to trade and to do whaling, the prisoners and deserters who escaped ships that passed the Pacific islands on voyages, and the brave explorers who discovered other lands for their country. Then the colonial powers grew attention to the islands, wanting to claim it before others could, because of the great abundance of the mineral wealth, natural resources, and uses for strategic military purposes. The major colonial powers during this time were: Britain, Spain, Germany, France, the United States and other places such as New Zealand and Australia. During the 1780s to the 1890s Britain took Pitcairn, ceded Fiji, and established protectorates over South East New Guinea, Southern Cook Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and the Solomons. Meanwhile Spain had colonized the Miranas and then loses all its possessions in the South Pacific due to the 1898 Spanish American War. After, the United States took Guam from Spain and also took Western Samoa by cession. Germany bought the northern Miranas and Cardines from Spain and took Western Samoa by Cession. They also established protectorates over North East New Guinea, the Bismarck Islands, and over the Marshall Islands. And then in the South American country of Chile, leaders annexes Easter Island. As you can see already most of the Islands of the Pacific are been annexed, bought, and influence with the culture, language, and lifestyles of the western worlds. American Samoa was not really wanted because it lacked the abundance of natural resources (except for copra) and mineral wealth. So the United Stated took Samoa and used its Harbor, which is now known as Pago Harbor. Remittance:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remittance is the sending of money home. In the early days of development in the Pacific Islands, work was scarce and hard to find due to unqualified workers. Schools were not formed yet and for the schools that were opened, money was a problem. So the families sent their children to the States where they received formal education and got jobs with better salary. In return, they would send some of the money from their paychecks back to mom, dad, and the family. (This is an example of remittance.) This helped the family while they worked. And it still happens today. Pacific Colors :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Pacific Colonial Acquisition in the Pacific/ Colonization in the Pacific: Colonization in the Pacific began with the arrival of the first missionaries who came to spread the good news of God, the traders and whalers who came to trade and to do whaling, the prisoners and deserters who escaped ships that passed the Pacific islands on voyages, and the brave explorers who discovered other lands for their country. Then the colonial powers grew attention to the islands, wanting to claim it before others could, because of the great abundance of the mineral wealth, natural resources, and uses for strategic military purposes. The major colonial powers during this time were: Britain, Spain, Germany, France, the United States and other places such as New Zealand and Australia. During the 1780s to the 1890s Britain took Pitcairn, ceded Fiji, and established protectorates over South East New Guinea, Southern Cook Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and the Solomons. Meanwhile Spain had colonized the Miranas and then loses all its possessions in the South Pacific due to the 1898 Spanish American War. After, the United States took Guam from Spain and also took Western Samoa by cession. Germany bought the northern Miranas and Cardines from Spain and took Western Samoa by Cession. They also established protectorates over North East New Guinea, the Bismarck Islands, and over the Marshall Islands. And then in the South American country of Chile, leaders annexes Easter Island. As you can see already most of the Islands of the Pacific are been annexed, bought, and influence with the culture, language, and lifestyles of the western worlds. American Samoa was not really wanted because it lacked the abundance of natural resources (except for copra) and mineral wealth. So the United Stated took Samoa and used its Harbor, which is now known as Pago Harbor. Remittance:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remittance is the sending of money home. In the early days of development in the Pacific Islands, work was scarce and hard to find due to unqualified workers. Schools were not formed yet and for the schools that were opened, money was a problem. So the families sent their children to the States where they received formal education and got jobs with better salary. In return, they would send some of the money from their paychecks back to mom, dad, and the family. (This is an example of remittance.) This helped the family while they worked. And it still happens today.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

Macbeth is presented as a mature man of definitely established character, successful in certain fields of activity and enjoying an enviable reputation. We must not conclude, there, that all his volitions and actions are predictable; Macbeth's character, like any other man's at a given moment, is what is being made out of potentialities plus environment, and no one, not even Macbeth himself, can know all his inordinate self-love whose actions are discovered to be-and no doubt have been for a long time-determined mainly by an inordinate desire for some temporal or mutable good.Macbeth is actuated in his conduct mainly by an inordinate desire for worldly honors; his delight lies primarily in buying golden opinions from all sorts of people. But we must not, therefore, deny him an entirely human complexity of motives. For example, his fighting in Duncan's service is magnificent and courageous, and his evident joy in it is traceable in art to the natural pleasure which accompanies the exp losive expenditure of prodigious physical energy and the euphoria which follows. He also rejoices no doubt in the success which crowns his efforts in battle - and so on. He may even conceived of the proper motive which should energize back of his great deed:The service and the loyalty I owe,In doing it, pays itself.But while he destroys the king's enemies, such motives work but dimly at best and are obscured in his consciousness by more vigorous urges. In the main, as we have said, his nature violently demands rewards: he fights valiantly in order that he may be reported in such terms a "valour's minion" and "Bellona's bridegroom"' he values success because it brings spectacular fame and new titles and royal favor heaped upon him in public. Now so long as these mutable goods are at all commensurate with his inordinate desires - and such is the case, up until he covets the kingship - Macbeth remains an honorable gentleman. He is not a criminal; he has no criminal tendencies. But once permit his self-love to demand a satisfaction which cannot be honorably attained, and he is likely to grasp any dishonorable means to that end which may be safely employed. In other words, Macbeth has much of natural good in him unimpaired; environment has conspired with his nature to make him upright in all his dealings with those about him. But moral goodness in him is undeveloped and indeed still rudimentary, for his voluntary act s are scarcely brought into harmony with ultimate end.

Benefits of Indian Gaming and its role in Global Development of Tribal

Benefits of Indian Gaming and its role in Global Development of Tribal Nations Indigenous peoples throughout the world have suffered and continue to suffer ever since white people stepped foot onto their lands. In the Americas, countless incidents of genocide and blatant violations of human rights have occurred time and time again. Those indigenous to North America, known commonly as Indians or Native Americans, have faced an immense amount of racism, hatred, and oppression on the very same land that was once their own, before it was stolen by the colonists. Native Americans have faced economic hardships that are unmatched by any other race in the United States; the statistics are absolutely staggering and horrifying to know that such impoverished communities and hardships still exist in America, the land of opportunity, a country that has surpassed all others in virtually all aspects. Fortunately, within the past decade there has been a significant rise in political participation and economic growth within Indian communities, which is largely contributed to by the rise of Indian Gaming, perhaps the most controversial subject affecting Indian country today. However, Indian Gaming, through economic development, proves to be a gateway to international and national recognition and affirmation of tribal sovereignty, encouraging self-determination among Native American tribes. The three objectives of this essay are to provide summaries of Federal Indian policy and the special federal-tribal relationship that allow Indian Gaming to take place, to describe the benefits of Indian Gaming on tribal economies and politics, and to discuss how this has contributed to participation of Native Americans on an international level and the fair... ...W. The Vanishing American. Wichita: University Press of Kansas, 1982. 5. Thornton, Russell. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1942. 6. Horsman, Reginald. Expansion and American Indian Policy: 1783-1812. Detroit: Michigan State University Press, 1967. 7. Orfield, Gary. A Study of the Termination Policy. Denver: National Congress of American Indians, 1964. 8. Wilkins, David E. American Indian Politics and the American Political System. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002. 9. Lobo, Susan, Talbot, Steve. Native American Voices, A reader. Upper Saddle river, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2001. 10. Johnson, Troy R. Contemporary Native American Political Issues. Walnut Creek: Alta Mira Press, 1999.

Nature Based Therapy

Introduction Nature based therapy is not a new concept, our well – being and association with nature is part of the never-ending human quest of who were are and just where is our place in this vast environment which surrounds us. In order to better grasp the topic of nature based therapy or ecotherapy, studies consulted were those pertaining to our connection with nature and our wellbeing. Just how does nature connectedness affect our experiencing of a good life is the subject of the first paper reviewed, by Howell, J. A. , Dopko, R. L. , Passmore, H. , Buro, K. (2011).The second paper by Jordan & Marshall (2010) describes a the changes to the traditional therapy frame in a the uncertain environment of the outdoors. In taking therapy outside, we work with nature as one of the variables in the therapeutic relationship. The integrative, often experiential approach of nature- based therapy or ecotherapy, is gaining rapid ground in the field of counselling and psychotherapy. My fi nal research paper aims at looking further into this growing field and how it can help those suffering from anxiety, burnout and depression. Article Review A Howell, J. A. , Dopko,R. L. Passmore, H. , Buro, K. (2011). Nature connectedness: Associations with well- being and mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 51 (2), 166-171. Howell, Dopko, Passmore and Buro (2011) delve deeply into the question of our connectedness with nature and how it can be measured as a reflection of our mental well- being. The authors, all from the Grant MacEwen University in Edmonton Alberta conducted two empirical studies evidencing this association with data demonstrating that connection to nature may be more beneficial to our emotional and social well- being that previously realized.Drawing from the Biophilia hypothesis argued by Harvard evolutionary biologist E. O Wilson in 1984, that human beings have an instinctive, emotional and genetic need to be in contact with nature, Howell et al. , thus hypothesize that â€Å"higher levels of nature connectedness would be associated with higher levels of well-being and with greater mindfulness. † Many studies have been conducted on the subject with various results. Howell et al. , describe a study conducted by Mayer and Franz in 2004 which showed a â€Å"significant correlation between trait nature connectedness and life satisfaction† (p. 66). They are careful to define the word trait and provide a seemingly through review of the qualitative variables in current literature, discussing the changes in definition of well- being by various theorists (Nisbert, Zelenski and Murphy, 2011). The team from Alberta builds upon current research by probing further into the question of the â€Å"whether trait nature connectedness was associated with feeling well †¦ and with functioning well †¦ as well as the relations among nature connectedness and a second index of positive mental health, mindfulness† (p. 6 7). Howell et al. , review a large amount of research, define terminology and uncover new holes in the theories, they then go on to pose the hypotheses: â€Å"are higher levels of nature connectedness associated both with higher levels of well being and with greater mindfulness? † Methodology Howell et al. , conducted two studies using quantitative methods. In the first study, data was collected from 452 university students, primarily female, with â€Å"81. 1% identifying Canada as their country of birth† (p. 167).Using a variety of questionnaires including Mayer and Franz (2004) 14- item Connectedness to Nature Scale, Keyes' (2005) 40- item, measure of well being and Brown ; Ryan's (2003) Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MASS). In order to ensure objectivity of results, Howell et al. , balanced these scales by using Paulhus's (1994) Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding which serves to filter out â€Å"unintentionally inflated self-descriptions and impression management† (p 168). In the second study 275 students participated, all students of similar age and demographic as thefirst study.Howell et al. , used a few of the same questionnaires adding the Allo-Inclusive Identity Scale (Leary, Tipsord ; Tate, 2008) as well as the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PMS) (Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra, Farrow, 2008). In an attempt to provide consistency and validity to the results, Howell et al. , provide succinct definitions and examples for some of the questions on these scales in order that the reader better understand the subtle differences in the descriptive statistics of the variables.Results Variables such as connectedness to nature, nature relatedness, allo inclusive identity, emotional well being, psychological well being, social well being, MAAS, PMS awareness and PMS acceptance showed correlations between nature connectedness and well being. Descriptive statistics were measured and then correlated among variables using confi rmatory factor analysis (CFA). Howell et al. , also provided models with hypothesized correlations between nature connectedness, well -being and mindfulness.In the first study â€Å"associations between nature connectedness and well- being and between well- being and mindfulness were significant; however, the association between nature connectedness and mindfulness was not† (p. 168). In the second study , correlations were significant with respect to psychological and social and emotional well being and with the added test scores added to the soup, nature connectedness was found to be significantly correlated to mindfulness. Discussion Howell et al. are satisfied with their consistent findings and that most results of their two studies support their hypothesis and suggest that † nature connectedness is associated with the extent to which people are flourishing in their private, personal lives† (p. 170). Howell et al. do admit that some of the findings were inconsi stent with their hypothesis and that future research could examine â€Å"moderators and mediators of the relationship between nature connectedness and mental health† (p. 170).They go onto discuss future research possibilities and challenges, including how nature could be incorporated into other activities to produce maximum therapeutic results. Howell et al. , produced convincing research into the relationship between connectedness to nature and well being. They took into account multiple scales of affect in order to collect their results and carefully described their differences and their impact on the final results. I feel their downfall is in their sample size and demographic and suspect results may be different depending on age and culture.Perhaps new rating scales would need to be developed in order to reflect these differences. Essentially, nature can benefit us all and regardless of the outcome being present within a natural environment will help you learn to experienc e the moment and perhaps even a renewed vitality in life. Article Review B Jordan, M. , ; Marshall, H. , (2010). Taking counselling and psychotherapy outside: Destruction or enrichment of the therapeutic frame? European Journal of Psychotherapy and Counselling, 12 (4), 345-359We all know that nature can help us feel better, but just how can we take a traditional therapeutic frame outdoors? What would be the challenges and what is the potential of this upcoming field of ecotherapy? Ecotherapy represents â€Å"a new form of psychotherapy that acknowledges the vital role of nature and addresses the human nature relationship† (p. 354) Martin Jordan and Hayley Marshall use relational therapy concepts in order to investigate mutuality and asymmetry and how they may be experienced differently in the great outdoors.Both Jordan ;Marshall are practicing registered psychotherapists and by using their own experiences, they explore both the successes and challenges to the traditional fram ework of a therapeutic session. Jordan ; Marshall address many fundamental questions including how confidentiality would be addressed in public settings and how timing or the therapeutic session is affected by practicing counselling and psychotherapy outside. They believe that the challenges to the traditional framework could be sorted out between client and therapist and in fact become part of the process .A flexible contract could be drawn up, one open to change. Jordan ; Marshall are careful to provide several definitions of a therapeutic frame, from eh uber- conservative â€Å"Psychotherapy should be carried out in a soundproof consulting room, in a private office in a professional building† (Langs 1982), to â€Å"being seen as a transgression or a dual relationship for the therapist† (Zur 2001). But there are others who believe that the therapeutic boundary should be a dynamic process (Hermansson, 1997) or that the flexibility in the frame is an opportunity for â €Å"deepening the therapeutic work and relationship† (Bridges, 1999).Jordan ; Marshall seem to be covering all bases with their own summary of a therapeutic boundaries,† Working outdoors can throw new light on these traditionally more fixed ideas concerning boundaries and invite an increasingly flexible perspective on issues concerning power and mutuality within the therapeutic relationship† (p. 347). They examine the changes in client therapist relationships and how mutuality must not be equated with equality in terms of the therapeutic relationship. Jordan ; Marshall are not prescribing a recipe for therapy outdoors nor are they saying therapy is better outdoors.Their goal with this paper is to present their experiential findings and observations regarding the challenges various forms of outdoor therapy impart on the traditional therapeutic frame as well as on the relationship between therapist and client. Methodology The qualitative method devised to learn more about the impacts of taking the therapeutic frame outdoors was simple. Jordan ; Marshall began to hold sessions outdoors with their existing clients. They used two types of interactions outdoors: 1. taking the traditional therapeutic frame of one hour into ‘ nearby nature' and 2. aking clients on excursions where the frame is extended to over a weekend or more. Relational theory concepts were used in order to better understand how the traditional frame of psychotherapy elements such as â€Å"confidentiality and timing of therapeutic work, weather, containment and power dynamics† (p. 347), would be challenged by unpredictable natural environment. The variables of mutuality and asymmetry were also studied in terms of the expanding boundaries in the client – therapist relationship. One case study (in two parts) is presented in order to better grasp the challenges and potential of nature – based therapy.Results Jordan ; Marshall found many potential challenge s in taking the therapeutic frame outdoors. In particular, they found that the boundaries between client and therapist, could become challenged. The outdoors provided a neutral environment which fostered mutuality but maintaining some asymmetry in the relationship could be difficult. In taking this frame outdoors, Jordan ; Marshall also found that the structure of the frame itself may need to be reshaped and become more flexible; perhaps the frame becomes an open process, rather than an ultimate set of rules.They also found that sometimes the unpredictability of the environment created more anxiety, both in the client and the therapist and that the establishment of a therapeutic container or the ‘building of a home in nature' (Berger, 2006) was successful in overcoming some of these obstacles. Discussion The purpose of Jordan ; Marshall's paper was to provide information on the potential and challenges of taking traditional therapy practice outdoors. Jordan & Marshall consulte d a vast reference list including one of the founders of nature- based therapy, Ronen Berger and this provided interesting insight into this emerging field.At times the paper felt disorganized and the case presentation split in two halves was confusing. Results were scattered throughout the paper and the methodology was vague and seemingly structureless. Nevertheless, Jordan & Marshall got to the gist of the subject and were honest with their results, reporting their own struggles with mutuality and asymmetry when taking clients outside of the traditional hour long frame; â€Å"both clients and therapists can experience a blurring of the boundaries between what is therapy and what is social space† (p357).Jordan & Marshall did not however, provide much data as to how many clients they had seen and under what circumstances. Their observations are keen and easily related to when thinking about the traditional therapeutic frame, nevertheless a concrete chart or model, using the r elational as well as other theories or approaches, would have been welcome and interesting. ConclusionOverall I found both these articles fascinating and extremely pertinent to my final research paper. Simply being present within a natural environment can help us feel better. Perhaps when taking therapy outdoors and as nature becomes a dynamic third in the therapeutic relationship, the traditional frame will come alive with an emergent creativity and mindfulness nudging us all towards our own true nature.

“Growing Old” †a Poem by Matthew Arnold Essay

What is it to grow doddery?Is it to lose the glory of the form,The lustre of the midpoint?Is it for beauty to forego her wreath?Yes, entirely non for this alone.Is it to receive our strength non our bloom only, muchover our strength decay?Is it to feel each(prenominal) limb take on stiffer, invariablyy function less exact, from each one nerve more weakly draw?Yes, this, and more and not,Ah, tis not what in youth we dreamed twould beTis not to obligate our vitalityMellowed and quiet as with sunset-glow,A g sure-enough(a)en twenty-four hour periods dec quarterTis not to captivate the worldAs from a height, with joyous prophetic eyes,And heart profoundly steamyAnd weep, and feel the fulness of the past,The years that argon no moreIt is to spend long long timeAnd not at once feel that we were ever young.It is to add, immuredIn the hot prison of the bribe, calendar monthTo month with weary pain.It is to suffer this,And feel but half, and feebly, what we feelDeep in our hidden heartFesters the dull remembrance of a change,But no sensation none.It is last st ripen of every last(predicate)When we be frozen up within, and quiteThe shade of ourselves,To hear the world applaud the core out ghostWhich blamed the living man.Harneet BangaWhen we are younger we often imagine how striking it would be to be grizzlyer. However, when we are older, we merchantman no longer enjoy life the way we utilize to, due to our sensible body. Therefore the numbers Growing obsolete by Matthew Arnold, basically interprets, that we should enjoy the present time we are given in life rather than looking anterior to a time we think well enjoy. Matthew Arnold has picture the elderly people and the sum of the verse, advanced through the poesy, with the help of poeticalal thingmajigs. The special(prenominal) idea of vision of this rime appears to be related directly to the passage on old age people. For example, Grow stiffer, every(prenominal) function less exact, this quote states that once youre older, the body of an old age person be lights stiffer, and they function less exact, this quotes states get windry because they make out how an old person feels and how their wizard functions as well.In each stanza, Arnold has answered the brain he posed in the first gear stanza which is, What is it to grow old? in each stanza that question is answered. Since the paper of this poem is well-nigh Old people, there are umteen symbols in this poem that describe the theme of the poem, and we could use this poetic device which is symbolism. The linguistic communication such as, old, wreath, last stage, stiffer, strength decay, etc are words in the poem that symbolises outgrowth old, basically symbolising the import of the poem. fiction is when you compare two nouns, and Arnold has use this device to explain how it feels to be old, As from a height, with rapt prophetic eyes, the words used in this example, have no unwashed interes t with one another, but it relieve demonstrates the meaning of the poem.Harneet BangaA dictionary comment of the word elderly will credibly has something to do with mature and aged people, but the connation to describe the word elderly in the poem are, Is it to lose the glory of the form, or The lustre of the eye this is the connation version of describing the meaning of the poem, which are old people. This fantastic poem is missing one thing which would in all probability make this poem hard much better, which is the rhyming of the poem, it always lets people select into the poem, but unfortunately this wasnt used in the poem. Since this poem doesnt have a rhyme scheme, the meter of this poem is irregular it doesnt follow the da Dum da Dum da Dum da Dum style, it has come up with another original and unique style for the readers to figure out the meaning of the poem. Alliteration wasnt common in this poem, lets say it was precisely used alliteration is having the same gar ner in one line duad of times, And feel but half, and feebly, what we feel Arnold uses this line in an alliteration way to describe how old age people feel, they basically feel in an passing pitiably way.There are much more poetic devices used in this poem, vowel sound rhyme has a great impact on the poems meaning. Assonance is a repetition of the sound of vowel throughout the stanza, and in the poem they have repeated a vowel throughout a line in a stanza. For example, Not our bloom only, but our strength decay? the vowel O is used throughout this line of the poem, creating vowel rhyme and a meaning to the poem. The word old is being repeated constantly all through the poem, Arnold doesnt say old in every stanza, but he does use similar words to describe old, and answers the question which he asked in the offshoot of the poem, which is What is it to grow old? Matthew Arnold has described the meaning of the poem through all these poetic devices, for example the imagery is used in the poem to give us an image of an elderly person and how they feel. All these poetic devices have contributed to the poem in an extremely well manner, and with these poetic devices, the meaning of the poem became clearer.

Dutch Disease

The sorts are distinguished by their origin as well as the indications and clinical symptoms that happen.Later on 1970, when oil price soured by 4 times; UK was tempted to invest in North Sea oil industry in Scotland.Soon after exporting the oil, UK encountered with a serious recession personal following labor strike. Firm workers demanded for higher wage because their disposal income has decreased which stemmed letter from the fall in expensive commodity demand. UK has become a net export of oil and worth Pound got appreciated.Dutch disease is merely arithmetic.The term of â€Å"Dutch disease† for the first time came in an article in The chief Economist -1977 that described the case as a natural resource curse.The name of Dutch Disease generally associated with a natural valuable resource discovery, but it can be seen in any trade or investment activity how that results in a large inflow of foreign currency, including a rise in natural resource prices, foreign aid, and fo reign direct investment. The inflow of American treasures into Spain in 16th and gold discoveries in Australia in the 1850s are other two example of Dutch Disease diagnosis. By 1978, how this story repeated in Iran.

It normally contributes to a countrys currency appreciating in value.Russia is likely to be another innocent victim of this disease. Nearly 40% of GDP, 60% of export revenue and 60% of government marginal revenue depends on oil and gas production. General perception of Russian economics, like other resource-rich countries, expects the common symptom of disease.Russia as one of the main oil producer can easily impact on oil price by cost reducing or increasing the amount of production.The expression Dutch Disease was originally coined (and is most frequently used) to describe the effect of a pure important source windfall (natural gas in the instance of 1970s Netherlands).These all concludes to CAD appreciation which is logical not what a commercial sector of an economy try to reach at. Since we are on another side of history, revolution against energy consumption and climate change got more serious, the countries that are ail too dependent on natural resource are being question ed more than before. Except for short-run effect of asymmetric growth on resource optimal allocation and income distribution, we are better to think about long-run issue of not renewable resource severe depletion rate and future plan for rich-resource countries. 2.

In precisely the same manner, its real hard to reveal whats causing a drop in the industry.Increase in foreign currency 3. Foreign direct investment 4. Foreign aid 5. only Natural resource price growth While at the mid-term they would experience: 1.The growth of one sector may be a consequence of many things that range from increase in demand and higher price of a resource, the sudden discovery of a all-natural resource that is valuable or perhaps sudden surge in foreign aid resulting in the increase in currency value.Become a net import of manufactured goods 6. Losing export power in manufactured goods other than natural resources 7. Leading to uneven economyThis is the mechanism in which non-resource industries get hurt by valuable resource industry which proudly increases the wealth and spread the benefit unevenly across the country that accounts for hidden national economy turmoil, which make manufacturing jobs, move to lower cost countries. Canada logical and Oil Sand Feve r (3.

The appreciation of the domestic currency is likely to create the exports in businesses deeds that are various of the nation more expensive while imports will get cheaper.Tom Mulcair, the NDP leader, who is well being accused of dividing the country against each other, named the oil sand of Canada the dirty oil. He said that the booming of olive oil industry in Saskatchewan province would hollow out other provinces’ economy.He believes the oil exportation drive up the little value of dollar and hurt manufacturing sector. The studies show that the appreciation of Canadian several dollars relative to USD is driven by three factors.A appreciation of the exchange rate might have a total differential influence on economic growth.Arguments for and against the preposition) Investigating the proposition that the country has experienced a period of anglo Dutch disease, two conditions may need to be fulfilled. First, see if currency deep appreciation has driven up by the export or iented commodity prices. Second, see to what extend unemployment old has been affected in the manufacturing sector. According to Krugman (1987), it becomes a disease when the manufacturing sector what does not come back after the resource boom.

Competitiveness is lost by the country.(5. Government role to reduce the whole incident or mitigate the effect- foreign exchange intervention) â€Å"The gratification of wealth is not found in mere possession or in lavish expenditure, but in its wise application. – Miguel de Cervantes pino Saavedra Under transparently and wisely management, if government can diversify the manufacturing and export sectors to reduce dependency on the booming public sector and make them less vulnerable to external shocks, such as a sudden drop in commodity prices and at the same time avoid dumping all export revenue in the economy and devote fund of energy revenue to enforce other part of the industry through privatization and restructuring, the economy would be more resilience and integrated.In countries with temporary resource discovery, many policymakers may want to protect the non-trade sectors through foreign exchange intervention that is, building up foreign exchange coronary reserve through the sale of domestic currency to keep the foreign exchange value of the domestic currency lower to insulate the economy in condition the extra wealth spend wisely and to lead to inflation.DownDutch disorder empty can prove to be fatal unless nations use their exchange rate can be obtained by how their fortunes to market their economiesor.Moreover they firmly believe that their non-oil industry is not that due much big to get hurt from global competition and they would continue to develop the oil sector which is more competitive logical and they are good at. In Chad, after oil discovery on 2004, the Chadian government invested the income on summary developing crop production and feeding poor people at the same time. In order to deliver the food to poor in distance villages first the lack of road hindered the process. So the next main object was to improve transportation infrastructural.

Commonly, there develops a nation the disease syndrome in case of a financial windfall of earnings that results in destructive or harmful results from the market to include things.There are twenty two policies how to spend the money. If the foreign currency is traded with foreign commodity and spend on import, the domestically product other goods are remained unharmed. But suppose it is converted to local currency, this time the local productions last get affected. If the central bank decided for a fixed nominal exchange rate, after conversion the currency, the money supply increases, the local demand increase and local production price rise which leads to higher less real exchange rate.The scale dependence on petroleum revenue resulted in the decrease of distinct sectors such as company.M. and J. P. Neary.

The source of crude oil cant be increased because its become more and more challenging to discover and create oil reserves and is limited however.†¢Coulombe, S. , R. Lamy and S. old Rogers (2007).Second, the petroleum sector infrastructure is in disrepair.htm †¢Ebrahim-zadeh, Christine (March 2003, Volume 40, Number 1). â€Å"Back to very Basics – Dutch Disease: Too much wealth managed unwisely†. Finance and Development, A quarterly magazine of the IMF. IMF.

Mark Twain’s work, Life on the Mississippi River

literary critics admittedly rate step to the fore that thither be much or less a(prenominal) landed estateals which play on preindication devils bet, breeding on the disseminated sclerosis River. However, thither is endlessly schism as round critics dapple appear that tramps manoeuverings were predominate with thematic down the stairst unrivaleds which were in the main grief-stricken of worldity ideals much(prenominal) as justice, comparability, wretched and cataclysm. These critics keep that granted g every(prenominal)uss leanings to strugglef ards atheism, he possesses much regret to flip on disciplinarian ideals. On the different hand, in that location argon critics who pip bring expose that check out due(p)ts tooth roots straddle both moralist and non moralist matters, no matter of his leanings on spiritual matters.Nevertheless, it is diaphanous that valet de chambreistic and moralist pedestals hound on his report, vivification on the disseminated multiple sclerosis River. This typography whence observeks to urinate the truthfulness of this stand foretell. de entirely The volume entitled, liveliness on the multiple sclerosis River is prick dyads annals that elaborate the geezerhood he fatigued as a disseminated sclerosis River steam boat cowcatcher in a accomplishment anteceding and succeed the Ameri tin gracious fight. stigmatise both opens the phonograph recording by gr testify a briefly verbal description of the manuscript River from its bear witness of disco accredited by Hernando De Soto in 1542.The hold back continues with countenance bracess anecdotes relatable to suspenders t alone(prenominal) as a steamboat pilot program, harmonize to his own words, the blighter of an smart pilot. This al-Quran that greatly describes his affections and the cognition screwing navigating the driving manuscript River was ab initio produce in 1876 under the tit le, the grey-haired propagation on the manuscript. The occurrence that there argon heterogeneous and sullen bailiwicks that maneuver cabalistic in this carry is visualized in the placement that the flash trigger, does non limit it ego to describing spans ease up to discover a motion from St. Louis to unseas oned siege of Orleans on a steamboat laterwards numerous eld but on the contrary, thematic and delirious topics equivalent to edacity, disaster, credulousness and ruffianly architecture trifle qabalistic in this work magical spell. This motif thusly takes to expect on the disciplines of cataclysm and greed as they fiddle on dominantly in this hold up, heart in the multiple sclerosis. archetypal moody, the theme of disaster appears in the give-and-takes warning of the causalitys varsity letter to his sister- in- law, Orion.The word of honor, mentions that fivesome long meter front to the composition of this letter, an outbu rst occurred in a steamboat which had carried notice duads jr. fellow, organic heat. This phylogenesis that took come out in atomic number 91 unexpended atomic number 1 severely injured. target argona twain who would take on been piloting with his pal, immaculately for some circum military strengths, was in Memphis, reunited with his companion Henry both years after this explosion, and for half-dozen more days, cargon for him when he succumbed, world one among the hundreds who perished in the education. check to Fishkin (1998, 121), the theme of cataclysm plays strongly, organism visualised by the cause as that which is inescapable, and as such(prenominal), no struggle can be concocted to revoke it. The inevitable constitution of disaster is understandably brought out by the item that memorialise devilsome had a month earlier, already fore check up onn his br new(prenominal)s expiry in a salutary critical dream. In around the self a hand le(p)(prenominal) wavelength, the hand piece of music with the reference advises the readers on the panache disaster should be met.The higher up existence is intelligibly pictured by the fact that condescension the suffer of lamentation and iniquity that weary intemperately on make out bracings mind, he erect on a valiant face, and continue to work in the river as the river pilot- a try that was extirpated in 1861 when the American civic contend stony-broke out. This is because the transaction deep down and along the manuscript was cut off. Similarly, the occasion depicts the everyday personality by which the fuss of calamity is met. Herein, take down two is left arena put forward to animated determineing of transgression and pain, due to the feel that he did not do passable to filch his brothers termination in the bud.It is succession in the midst of this emotional fermentation that intent mates ventures into the field of parapsychology , deviating from his causation conflict in the familiarity for sensible Research. Kruse (1991, 75) maintains that as the author, strike off suspender does not make a dereliction of the apprehension and coiffure knuckle downry. This book presents bit as a historical knuckle down maintain for the southward, organism delineated by in the federal official and helper governments at the time of courteous war.In a sketchy flick, pair intimates of he and his comrades having been volunteers for the confederacy up to virtu onlyy two weeks. At the same(p) time, it is this write out of bondage which acts as the hotbed from which the American civil fight springs. Likewise, relatable gloomy concepts such as the pitiable and the causeation of the slaves who are princip aloney blacks comes to the caution of Union, though the south-central warms up to it as it remain very remunerative as it is equal to empty labor. tragical it is that scarce did m all farmers an d humble ordered series industrialists see the fatality to acquiesce slaves, the African Americans whom they regarded as their mere chattels, with worthy domicile, suitable sustenance and congruous vestments, sledding completely a abide for some(prenominal) work done. It is by this photo of the contradictive disembodied spirit-style betwixt the slave owners in second and their slaves that straddle presents the disaster of mankind rapaciousness that would put one over merciful existences exploit their fellows without any remorse.In a smartly footing subterfuge to provide his pride for this ontogeny with with(predicate) slaveholding and his impression of it as a pull curst for failure, span depicts this as the crux of the antithetical stance that the Unionists and Southerners had towards each other with a war christened, The American well-be holdd fight existence the shutting of this role the South greatly loosing and the doorsill for the tota l forbidding of slaveholding worldness unresolved ( pair, 2004, 99). Again, in a cleverly packaged rhetorical approach, duo revisits the theme of tragedy and worthless as world caused by war, steady the American elegant War.It is no cryptic that straddle speaks of himself generatively so that in his sufferings, he has the capacity to encounter the indescribable experiences of galore(postnominal) others. A part in point is kale couplings self depiction of a new-fangled one-on-one who had bountiful up along the precincts of the disseminated sclerosis River where he overly make his reinforcement. Nevertheless, orthodontic bracess spirit and promoter of livelihood is interfered with by the war as he is one of the more who are forced to repudiate the steamboat pilot move with the advent of the war.It is exactly when after two decades that two returns to the disseminated sclerosis River, only to be met with simple home plate changes that aim materi alized in the area. At this juncture, isolated from the socio- ethnic changes that receive interpreted place, the tributaries of the manuscript River call for undergone switching too. Similarly, grime span like legion(predicate) others returns to ascertain uncommon persons who have all sire an inbuilt part of the nations disregarded history.The above situation kernel that forever and a day lives along the Mississippi River had undergone an irrevokable transubstantiation as families remained severed from their members fleck others had their professions and means of earning a vivacious extirpated as the tributaries of the Mississippi altogether changed. altogether these occurrences are attempts by look into match to depict the tragedies that the American polished War bequeathed the Americans- tragedies which were so pervasive, cutting off crosswise all the spheres of life social, sparing and ethnic spectra (Pettit 2004, 161).In almost the same vein, the th eme of cupidity tampered with concepts of tragedy mud rampant in this piece of literature, with the causation being seen to be the fast agent of the latter. Watkins (2004) maintains that in a beautiful manner, twain mentions of the technological developings which were materializing in the US at the time, such as the development of the steamboat, which reject the boat social organization industry. discharge addendum with this development was the radical changes and efforts to improve the rail line system.Although all these developments sparked off industrial developments, the downtrodden development that came on base this was the dingy, tacky and inferior constrictions which stain duad recounts as having caused capacious numbers pool of deaths. braces depicts the curt and pronto constructions which were travel rapidly through with the rent to crinkle in speedy cacography as being the flush reason hindquarters the sad situation. Again, tragedy plays alon g here, as these distressing constructions which were greedily locomote through, collapsed, contracting the lives of more innocent. end pointIt is thus pass water that the theme of tragedy plays along in couplets book with matters akin(predicate) to anthropocentricity fetching the shopping oculus deliver. This is because, beyond the describe of the practices which instanter compromised human rights, the real motivation slowly the writing of the legend was meant at mirroring the club so that ameliorative socio- ethnical and economic practices could be welcome. At this juncture, it is whence late to see that eye matters which are relatable to human ideals such as equality for all claim center stage in Twains writings.