Sexuality with the Disability

Introduction Disabled people have different needs from the rest of the people in the society. Both their habitual and educational needs are changing from what is conventionally known regarding the daily living culture such as the way in which people are dressed and groomed. This is also true when it comes to the vocational and social duties.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexuality with the Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From research, the crux of the matter in this broad focus is mainly sexuality and the rights that the disabled have with respect to the sexual education and sexual expression. Other members of the society have stereotypical perspectives concerning those with disabilities. Such beliefs are not necessarily true though they are amazingly part of both the young and the elderly in society! This is specifically in relation to sexual behavior. The aim of this essay is to explore t he attitudes that the society has regarding the sexuality of disabled people, the latest impediments faced by people with disabilities as pertaining sexuality and the way it affects sexual functioning. Overview It is within the last twenty years that researchers and other professionals began engaging and conducting studies on subjects that entail sex education and sexual expression among the disabled. Prior to this time, most researchers had confined themselves to the sexual dysfunction suffered by most heterosexual white men. Such impairment was as a result of injuries especially on the spinal cord. Currently, the research still borders on both the medical and rehabilitative aspects. It concentrates on the sexuality of women with disabilities and that of other disabled individuals. However, the focus of this research is still on the heterosexual majority. In the recent years, research in this area has been taking a sociopolitical dimension (Shuttleworth, 2007, p. 2). As other peopl e within the community, we are increasingly being informed of the human rights that the disabled are supposed to enjoy, given that it affects them socially, physically and mentally. Like the rest of the society, the disabled have different levels of potential with regard to reproduction, sexual response and sexual interest. It is imperative to note that like other societal members, people with disabilities have needs such as the need for affection, good interpersonal relationships and love. Studies show that even those with disabilities emanating spinal injuries, experience sexual arousal (Stolov Clowers, 2000, p. 79).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the fact that the world around us has started showing interest in the sexual needs of the disabled, a lot is yet to be done. Understanding the current attitudes that the society holds towards the sexual needs of the dis abled will be helpful in both imparting and inculcating positive attitudes that the society has towards them. The latest change in attitude is causing most Americans to respond reluctantly, to the realization that people with inabilities are also sexual beings who are wired with the need for sexual gratification, love and intimacy. Attitudes on Sexuality of people with disabilities The perceptions of most people in the society regarding the disabled, in light of sexuality, are often narrow-minded. They think that this category of people is not sexual in nature. The misinformed society, therefore, end up concluding that the only people who should have sex are the physically fit. The general perception is that people with disabilities are not supposed to be sexually active. This belief is held by both the young and the aged in the society, and is known to the disabled (Marini, Glover-Graf Millington, 2011, p. 57). It is a taboo to think of sex among the disabled and denying the fact that it exists has never nullified it. According to some studies, by the society not granting a meaningful sex life to the disabled, it is tantamount to withholding them their deserved basic human rights (Carroll, 2006, p. 479). The disabled that are in need of a sexual relationship do not just express it as disapproval to the popular notion that they are not sexual beings. The issues here are more practical. Prior to having a relationship, couples ought to meet. Either poverty or transport can bar the disabled from going out for purposes of socialization. In most cases, the institutional world encompassing the disabled appears to be insensitive to their need for sex and relationships. Lack of privacy is an issue for the disabled who reside in care institutions. Staff members may get into their bedrooms without notice. Relatives become overprotective for some disabled folks who stay at home. For the disabled that receive their spouses’ care, maintaining sexual mystique is not easy since their significant other has to dress, bathe or assist them to the wash rooms. Conducting a satisfactory sexual relationship is therefore challenging due to the absence of the required choice and control that goes with it.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexuality with the Disability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, this makes it difficult for the disabled to have responsible sexual relationships. The disabled thus end up being marginalized and alienated, as a result of these attitudes. They also internalize the same attitudes held by the society towards them. Barriers faced by the disabled, with respect to sexuality In their dealing with sexuality matters, the disabled encounter several hurdles. First, they have a problem accessing information related to their personal situations, on suitable expression of sexuality, and required skills in sexual communication. Besides lacking acc ess to accurate information, they receive misinformation on sexuality, as a way of discouraging their interest. Second, they lack privacy in expressing themselves sexually. This is especially for those residing in institutional settings. With shared accommodation, it is difficult for them to express themselves sexually due to lack of privacy. These conditions may therefore cause people to engage in sexual behavior that is inappropriate. Consequently, the society then begins to put stereotypes on them. Third, women with disabilities encounter both sexual and physical abuse. This is because they are perceived as victims who may not be able to report such abuse. In most cases, crisis centers, police stations and other shelters are often inaccessible. In cases where they are present, officers doubt the women’s credibility judged from their state of health and competence (Smith, 1999, p.153). In addition, people with disabilities are viewed by some members of the society as being asexual. The stereotype began long time ago and could be witnessed in health institutions. Here, disabled adolescents were carelessly placed in hospitals to receive medical attention. Both boys and girls could be hospitalized in adjoining beds. Furthermore, due to their physical conditions, majority of the disabled are not free to move from place to place. Most are confined in their relatives’ homes or in other health care centers. Therefore, they have limited opportunities to move around, in a bid to establish meaningful relationships. This is opposed to the nondisabled individuals who have the freedom to go to different places where they can socialize and establish relationships that matter.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference list Carroll, J.L. (2006), Sexuality now: Embracing Diversity. Belmont, U.S: Cengage Learning. Marini, I, Glover-Graf, N.M. Millington, M.J. (2011), Psychosocial Aspects of Disability:Â  Insider Perspectives and Counselling Strategies, NY: Springer. Shuttleworth, R. (2007). Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC. Introduction to Special issue: Critical Research and Policy Debates in Disability and Sexuality Studies. May 2007. Vol. 4, No. 1 Smith, M.B. (1999), The Reader’s Companion to U.S Women’s History, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Stolov, W.C. Clowers, M.R. (2000), Handbook of Severe Disability:Â  A Text for Rehabilitation Counsellors, Other Vocational Practitioners, and Allied Health Professionals, Washington DC: DIANE Publishing. This research paper on Sexuality with the Disability was written and submitted by user Vargas to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Stay Calm When You Are Stressed

How to Stay Calm When You Are Stressed Stress is inevitable; whether it is from work or our personal lives. It is just something that we have to deal with. We can’t let that overwhelmed feeling get the better of us. Here are some ways to overcome this feeling and stay calm, cool, and collected during these trying times. Â  Source [PoundsToPocket]

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Paraphrasing - Essay Example The pumping station will be self-sufficient and require no external power to pump the water to the reservoir tank. Fuel Cell is a system that can transfer the chemical energy to electrical energy. That means to convert the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to get electricity. These processes do not produce any air pollution. Hydrogen gas helps a lot in the pump station, because it can produce energy by reacting in fuel cell with oxygen to produce electricity. It acts as a basic material in this Remote Pumping Station System Project because it can generate power. The context diagram (Figure 3 in Attachment) gives the necessary information that we need to calculate to redesign the project. This diagram makes it easier to find out which formula we are going to use in calculations. Experiment 1 (Table1 in Attachment) was to determine the angle of the solar panel. We used the load measurement box of the rotary switch. We set the protractor handout at angel 0. Then we adjusted the solar to the lamp. We had to consider the distance between the solar and the lamp like 50 cm. After that, we wrote down the current (A) in CW (+) and CCW (-) in different angles between 0 and 90 by turning the solar. Experiment 2 (Table 2 in Attachment) we were able to measure the amount of hydrogen created by the electrolyte. We observed the level of hydrogen created, after each 2 ml increment on the cylinder; we wrote down the time it took to reach this increment with the current and voltage. We continued writing down the time until 10 ml of hydrogen was produced. Experiment 3(Table 3 in Attachment) was to determine the fuel cell consumption efficiency. This experiment looked like experiment 2, both of them done by creating hydrogen. When hydrogen had reached 10 ml, the light source turned off. In this time, their would be the electrolyzer storage gas in the storage cylinder. We used several formulas to get the right data for this project. The first calculation was

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL DYNAMICS Essay

HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND ORGANISATIONAL DYNAMICS - Essay Example It is clear that performance of each company depends not only on hard work of its personnel, but also on the "human side" of the employees, i.e.: their competence, motivation, attitudes, communication and other variables. Most researchers admit that HRM is the core of company's general efficiency. In the present project I will analyze the paradigm of HRM in the context of organizational theories, describe the origin of modern HRM and analyze the practice and strategies of effective HRM on the analysis of IBM Corporation. Also the history of organization is obviously as old as the history of a civilization itself, the history of HRM is much younger. Emerging in 1960s, the paradigm of HRM relied, however, on previous researches and findings of organizational scientists. As Price (2000) believes, HRM "hasn't come out of nowhere" as throughout the whole XX century and even earlier both practitioners and scholars attempted to design the theories explaining human behavior at work and the ways to raise its effectiveness. The findings in the paradigms of group theory, leadership and management, communication and motivation helped development of modern HRM as a single paradigm The first tentative ideas of HRM date back to the early XX century. These ideas are associated with American schools of management, particularly with F. Taylor's "scientific management" and E. Mayo's "school of human relations". Frederick Taylor was the first who underlay business practice with significant theoretical findings. Taylor assumed that material side is not the major motivation of the employees. Instead, people need to be managed in order to work more effectively. Taylor suggested the policy of stick and carrot based on the principles of punishments for poor performance and appraisals for better working efficiency. Besides, Taylor was the first to identify the needs of the employees and hire nurse and psychologists to his company (Storey, 2001). Elton Mayo reconsidered Taylor's ideas significantly. During his longitudinal Hawthorne experiments Mayo found as well that salary is not the best motivation for people. Instead, he found out that people are sociable by their nature and they work effectively if they receive a positive feedback from administration. Other pivotal findings of Mayo were (i) people's need for communication, (ii) existence of informal groups and (iii) group moral (Gillespie et al, 1993). In 1930s the ideas of HRM were reconsidered by Kurt Lewin who developed own theories of group dynamic and leadership. Lewin was one of the first who explained psychology of groups, identified the reasons and motives of human behavior at work and suggested the ways of their effective management. Lewin's theory of leadership still remains a classic in modern HRM. Besides, Japanese school of management is based on Lewin's findings in a larger extent (Lewin, 1947). During 1950s the diverse human relations and human factors approaches were united into a broad organizational approach. This period was the heyday of organizational science as during this period major concepts that underlie modern HRM were developed. The most important of such theories is obviously Abraham Maslow's (1954) theory of motivation. Maslow's

The Value of Art in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

The Value of Art in Education - Essay Example â€Å"Awareness of cultural heritage is seen as essential for understanding human experience and establishing a cultural identity† (Rusanen et al., 2011, p. 245). In Brindisi visual arts was used to help children express their thoughts and define their identity. In Barcelona children from different cultures were able to communicate and bridge their differences through visual narratives (Rusanen et al. 2011). As the author states, â€Å"Children receive cultural education based on the belief that its inclusion in the curriculum ensures social equity and that the arts can display and challenge social ideals and exemplify social constructions of the self as a performer within a cultural context â€Å" (Rusane et al., 2011, p. 245). The analysis of the projects in Portuguese revealed that artistic activities build vision; they increase motivation and enjoyment toward learning. Arts projects help students be actively involved in their own development (Rusanen et al., 2011). †Å"Meaningful activities should be understood to include children’s opinions, ideas and creative solutions that address the conditions of their lives† (Rusanen et al., 2011, p. 262). Educators are expose students to learning activities in the belief that this that enhances their social and cultural development, although as these examples show, the emphasis can vary from one location to another, depending on the values and issues that are judged to be relevant to local conditions. In India arts education has been recognized as formal from the 1798s. Indian people believe that arts education develops character, shapes critical thinking skills, and establishes aesthetic judgment (Kantawala, 2012). In Botswana the integration of arts... This paper approves Arts education is essential for the development of people’s philosophy; it enhances learners’ psychological, ethical, and spiritual growth. However, history shows that arts and cultural programs have always been treated as subjects of secondary importance. Over time the role of arts has been downgraded because of different barriers existing in education system. According to the paper learning music and dance strengthens students’ relationship development and establishes an environment of mutual understanding, care, and intimacy. Learning within a community allows individual students gain information about each other, develop interest in reciprocity, and build skills for team working and leadership. Students participating in learning music and dance demonstrated high motivation, This essay makes a conclusion that the NCLB Act has provided a much needed focus on the children who require support to achieve minimum standards in their educational experience, but there are some unintended consequences which arise when core competencies such as math and English are emphasized at the expense of arts subjects. Bogdan states, â€Å"Massive arts funding slashes in my own country were recently made by a federal government that believes support for the arts be left to the marketplace†. These recent developments in American education are currently causing students to lose out on opportunities of obtaining the kind of all-round education that is suitable and necessary for 21st Century life.

Global Review Of Market Entry Strategies Economics Essay

Global Review Of Market Entry Strategies Economics Essay When a firm is going to explore a foreign market, the choice of the best mode of entry is decided by the firms expansion strategy. The main aim of every business organization is to establish itself in the global market. Thus, the process calls for developing an effective international marketing strategy in order to identify the international opportunities, explore resources and capabilities, and utilize core competencies in order to better implement the overall international strategies. The decision of how to enter a foreign market can have a significant impact on the results. Companies can expand into foreign markets via the following four mechanisms: exporting, licensing, joint venture and direct investment (Meyer, Estrin, Bhaumik, and Peng, 2008). All of them have their advantages for the firm to explore as well as disadvantages which must be considered by the firms top management. What entry mode that a multinational company chooses has implications for how much resources the company must commit to its foreign operations, the risk that the company must bear, and the degree of control that the company can exercise over the operations on the new market. (Zekiri and Angelova,2011, pp 576) 1.1.1 Global Review of Market Entry Strategies Taylor, Zou and Island (1998) conducted a study on a transaction cost perspective on foreign market entry strategies of USA and Japanese firms and concluded that several transactions costs affected the decision making of market entry mode for the US firms but did not affect the market entry mode for Japanese firms. Meyer, Estrin, Bhaumik, and Peng (2008) conducted a study on Institutions, Resources, and Entry Strategies in Emerging Economies to investigate the impact of market-supporting institutions on business strategies by analyzing the entry strategies of foreign investors entering emerging economies. The authors made three contributions, to enrich an institution-based view of business strategy (Oliver, 1997; Peng, 2003; Peng, Wang, and Jiang, 2008) by providing a more fine-grained conceptual analysis of the relationship between institutional frameworks and entry strategies. Secondly, they argued that institutions moderate resource-based considerations when crafting entry strategies and finally, by amassing a primary survey database from four diverse but relatively underexplored countries and combining such data with archival data, they extended the geographic reach of empirical research on emerging countries. Stiegert, Ardalan, and Marsh (1997) conducted a study on foreign market entry strategies in the European Union where the study utilized intra-firm, socio-cultural, geographical-proximity, and political-stability variables to explain bimodal foreign direct investment (FDI) patterns by agri-food and beverage multinational companies into and within the European Union. A logit framework incorporated a unique-count database of firm-level investment patterns from 1987-1998 and the results showed the 1992 structural changes under the Maastricht Treaty increased the probability of wholly owned FDI modes such as greenfields and buyouts, and also found that past modal strategies of firms, language barriers, and exchange-rate volatility all correctly explained modal investment patterns. The authors asserted that these results provide important contributions toward understanding modal investment strategies including the role of macroeconomic changes within a custom union. Czinkota Ronkainen (2003) carried out a study on the motivation factors for market entry and asserted that several factors results in firms taking measures in a given direction as in the case of internationalization. These are a variety of motivations both pushing and pulling companies to internationalize which are differentiated into proactive and reactive motivations. 1.1.2 Market entry strategies for Multinationals in Kenya Multinational corporations (MNCs) operate in a global environment unfamiliar in political, economic, social, cultural, technological and legal aspects. Increased competition among multinational corporations and the entry of other players in the Kenyan market necessitate the design of competitive strategies that guarantee performance. Creating strategies for coping with competition is the heart of strategic management which is critical for the long term survival of any organization. MNCs in Kenya have adopted a number of strategies including: better quality, excellent customer service, innovation, differentiation, diversification, cost cutting measures, strategic alliances, joint venture, mergers/acquisitions and not forgetting lower prices, to weather competitive challenges. Kinuthia (2010) suggests that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has risen in Kenya from the 1990s due to the liberalization of the economy. It is mainly concentrated in the manufacturing sector and is mainly Greenfield in nature. Most of FDI in Kenya is export oriented and market seeking. The most important FDI determinants are market size in Kenya as well as within the region, political and economic stability in both Kenya and its neighbours and bilateral trade agreements between Kenya and other countries. The most important FDI barriers in Kenya are political and economic instability in Kenya, crime and insecurity, institutional factors such as corruption, delayed licenses and work permits among other factors. According to the Financial Post (2010), well-established and hitherto dominant multinational companies in Kenya are suddenly finding themselves sailing in turbulent waters. The latest multinational to leave the scene with a bloodied nose is the 200-year-old Colgate Palmolive, a global business concern which begun in New York as a small soap and candle business. The list also includes, Johnson Johnson, Agip, Unilever, Procter Gamble, and recently, ExxonMobil, just to mention a few. The Financial Post (2010) suggests that majority of the multinationals who have so far relocated, shut down or downsized their operations consider Kenya as one of the least competitive investment destinations worldwide. Apart from the notoriously high cost of power in Kenya, difficulties in obtaining licenses and visas, inefficiencies at the Port of Mombasa and deteriorating infrastructure are among other non-tariff barriers to investment in this market. Financial Post (2010) notes that it is in the petro leum sector where the multinationals are finding it difficult to cope. A few years back, Agip shut down its pipes and sold out to BP Shell. BP sold it stake to Kenya Shell, a move that changed shareholding of BP Shell, which has been operating as a joint venture company. Recently, ExxonMobil sold its Kenya franchise to Tamoil, who will now take over the companys over 64 service stations countrywide. Ndegwa and Otieno (2008) conducted a study on market entry strategies for a transition country, Kenya, a case study that focused on mode of entry strategies that would be used by a Finnish firm, YIT Group to enter a developing country, Kenya. The focus was on motives to enter developing countries, the strategies used to enter developing countries, the factors influencing the decision of entry strategy, and finally problems facing companies entering developing markets experience. The study concluded that the most significant motive to enter developing countries is potential growth of the market, the most suitable entry mode strategy is joint venture, the most significant factor influencing the entry mode decision is the legal framework, and the largest problem experienced by companies investing in the country is bureaucracy. 1.1.3 Performance and non financial performance Performance Measures are quantitative or qualitative ways to characterize and define performance. They provide a tool for organizations to manage progress towards achieving predetermined goals, defining key indicators of organizational performance and Customer satisfaction. Performance Measurement is the process of assessing the progress made (actual) towards achieving the predetermined performance goals (baseline). Traditional, financially based performance measurement approaches have a number of serious drawbacks (Kaplan Norton, 1992). These include the element of outcome focus. Established financial indicators such as turnover and profit before tax are outcome indicators. Profitability measures the extent to which a business generates a profit from the factors of production: labour, management and capital. Profitability analysis focuses on the relationship between revenues and expenses and on the level of profits relative to the size of investment in the business (Gilbert and Whe elock, 2007). Four useful measures of firm profitability are the rate of return on firm assets (ROA), the rate of return on firm equity (ROE), operating profit margin and net firm income. The ROA measures the return to all firm assets and is often used as an overall index of profitability, and the higher the value, the more profitable the firm business. The ROE measures the rate of return on the owners equity employed in the firm business. It is useful to consider the ROE in relation to ROA to determine if the firm is making a profitable return on their borrowed money. The operating profit margin measures the returns to capital per dollar of gross firm revenue. Recall, the two ways a firm has of increasing profits is by increasing the profit per unit produced or by increasing the volume of production while maintaining the per unit profit. The operating profit margin focuses on the per unit produced component of earning profit and the asset turnover ratio (discussed below) focuses on the volume of production component of earning a profit (Crane, 2011). Net firm income comes directly off of the income statement and is calculated by matching firm revenues with the expenses incurred to create those revenues, plus the gain or loss on the sale of firm capital assets. Net firm income represents the return to the owner for unpaid operator and family labour, management and owners equity. Like working capital, net firm income is an absolute dollar amount and not a ratio, thus comparisons to other firms is difficult because of firm size differences (Gilbert and Wheelock, 2007). 1.1.4 Manufacturing Sector in Kenya Kenya has the biggest formal manufacturing sector in East Africa (UNIDO, 2008). This sector has grown over time both in terms of its contribution to the countrys GDP and employment. It is evident from these trends that the sector makes an important contribution to Kenyas economy (KAM, 2009). The average size of this sector for tropical Africa is 8 percent. Despite the importance and size of this sector in Kenya, it is still very small when compared to that of the industrialized nations (KIRDI, 2009). Awino (2007) and KObonyo (1999) argues that Kenyas manufacturing sector is going through a major transition period largely due to the structural reform process, which the Kenya government has been implementing since the mid-eighties with a view to improving the economic and social environment of the country. The manufacturing industry in Kenya can be classified under three main sectors, namely, the agro-based industrial sector, engineering and construction industrial sector and the chemical and mineral industrial sector (GOK Vision 2030). However, the three major classifications can still be categorized into two: (i) agro-based and non-agro-based (KObonyo, 1999). The agro-based industrial sector in Kenya consists of seven sub-sectors and provides the bulk (68 per cent) of value added from the manufacturing industry, (KAM, 2009). KObonyo (1999) argues that the agro-based industrial sector has developed on the basis of traditional domestic resource activities. The major challenges faced by this sector are related to the quantity, quality and price of raw materials mostly produced by small scale farmers. The seven sub-sectors that form the agro-based industrial sector are food processing, animal feeds, beverages and tobacco, miscellaneous food products, tannaries and leather products, woods and wood products and pulp and paper (Awino, 2007). 1.2 Problem Statement Mode of entry into an international market is the channel which organization that want to operate in international markets employ to gain entry to a new international market. The choice for a particular entry mode is a critical determinant in the successful running of a foreign operation. Therefore, decisions of how to enter a foreign market can have a significant impact on the results. However, it may seem that the use of particular strategies by international firms may yield higher growth and performance than others. There are several strategies that manufacturing firms can select from when they want to gain entry to a new international market such as exporting; licensing and franchising; strategic alliances; and wholly owned foreign subsidiaries. This study wants to investigate and indicate the particular modes of entry that manufacturing MNCs in Kenya use and of what value they are. Studies on the relationship between the choice of international market entry strategy and firm performance are abundant. These include Taylor and Zou (1999); Zekir and Angelova(2011) ; Chung and Enderwick (2001); Zand (2011); Sadaghiani, dehghan, and Zand (2011); and Mushuku(2006). There lacks conclusiveness on these studies about the choice of market entry strategy and firm performance. There exist glaring knowledge gaps as far as scarcity of local studies, context, conclusiveness and difference in opinions is concerned. This implies that there are scarce studies in developing economies such as Kenya. Studies on the choice of international market entry strategy and firm performance seem to concentrate on the developed and emerging countries which leave a knowledge gap for developing economies such as Kenya. There is a paucity/scarcity of studies on the marketing strategies techniques used by firms in Kenya and the researcher is not aware of any study that has been done on the influe nce of international market entry strategies on the performance of manufacturing multinationals in Kenya. This study therefore wishes to bridge this knowledge gap by assessing the influence of market entry strategies in manufacturing firms performance in Kenya. 1.3 Study Objectives The study attempts to achieve the following study objectives To identify the international market entry strategies by manufacturing multinationals in Kenya To establish the motive behind the choice of market entry strategies by manufacturing multinationals in Kenya To examine the influence of market entry strategies on the performance of manufacturing multinationals in Kenya 1.4 Significance of the study The study may be of use to management of manufacturing concerns in Kenya. This is because it will highlight the impact of choice of entry strategy to growth of a firm. Managers may therefore use these results to select the optimal strategies that would optimize growth of multinationals. The study will aid managers of prospective firms, and also those other people that want to go into other markets. The study will also provide ample information to those firms already in the market with strategies that are not working for them. The study results may be used by the implementation panel for vision 2030. Perhaps, they can craft a policy based on the study results that would increase the impact of entry strategies on growth of multinationals operating in Kenya. This would consequently lead to higher productivity and achievement of vision 2030 goal of annual economic growth of 10%. The study may also be a valuable addition to literature review and scholars of international business management, business strategy and growth. 1.4 Scope of the study There are several strategies that manufacturing firms can select from when they want to gain entry to a new international market such as exporting; licensing and franchising; strategic alliances; and wholly owned foreign subsidiaries. The study will restrict itself to market entry strategies and their influence on performance of multination manufacturing organizations. The scope of this study is the manufacturing sector. The manufacturing industry in Kenya can be classified under three main sectors, namely, the agro-based industrial sector, engineering and construction industrial sector and the chemical and mineral industrial sector (GOK Vision 2030). However, the three major classifications can still be categorized into two: (i) agro-based and non-agro-based (KObonyo, 1999). Kenyas main industries are food and beverages processing, manufacture of petroleum products, textiles and fibers, garments, tobacco, processed fruits, cement, paper, pyrethrum products, engineering, wood products, pharmaceuticals, basic chemicals, sugar, rubber, and plastics products. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter reviewed the various theoretical concepts that have been explored in the study. Specifically, the study reviewed the concept of multinationals, market entry strategies and organizational performance. The empirical review addressed the various studies that have been done on the area. 2.1 Theoretical Review This section elaborates on various concepts that are being used in the study. For instance definitions of multinationals, market entry strategies and performance were given. 2.1.1 Multinationals A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. They play an important role in globalization (Pitelis, and Sugden, 2000). Various attempts have been made in literature to capture the true richness of MNCs with definitions and concepts. Perlmutter (1969) for instance, used a taxonomy which was based on management styles namely geo-, poly- and ethnocentric to measure a firms degree of multinationality. Porter (1986) distinguished between multidomestic and global firms based on the configuration and coordination of the firms value chain. The framework developed by Prahalad and Doz (1987) offers a rather context oriented classification based on the nature of business, differentiating between global, multi-focal and local firms. Probably Bartletts and Ghoshals (1989) four-fold typology of multinational, international, global and transnational companies has been the most influential and extensive one. The typology constructed, inter alia, included, environmental, corporate, subsidiary, control and human resource characteristics. Kinuthia (2010) suggests that Foreign firms in Kenya since the 1970s have invested in a wide range of sectors. Most notably they played a major role in floriculture and horticulture, with close to 90 percent of flowers being controlled by foreign affiliates. In the Manufacturing sector FDI has concentrated on the consumer goods sector, such as food and beverage industries. This has changed in the recent years with the growth of the garment sector because of African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA). Of the 34 companies involved in AGOA 28 are foreign most of them concentrated in the Export Processing Zones (EPZs). FDI is also distributed to other sectors including services, telecommunication among others. 55 percent of the foreign firms are concentrated in Nairobi while Mombasa accounts for about 23 percent, thus Nairobi and Mombasa account for over 78 percent of FDI in Kenya. The main form of FDI establishment has been through the form of green fields establishments and Kenya has in total more than 200 multinational corporations. The main traditional sources of foreign investments are Britain, US and Germany, South Africa, Netherlands, Switzerland and of late China and India (UNCTAD, 2005). 2.1.2 Market Entry Strategies International market entry modes can be classified according to level of control, resource commitment, and risk involvement (Hill, Hwang and Kim, 1990). For example, in a study of the international operations of service firms in the United States, Erramilli and Rao (1993) classify market entry modes into two categories based on their level of control-full-control (i.e. wholly owned operation) and shared-control mode (i.e. contractual transfer or joint venture). The classification system adopted by Kim and Hwang (1992) is three fold: licensing, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. Kim and Hwang believe that these methods provide three distinctive levels of control and require different levels of resource commitment. Kwon and Konopa (1993) indicate that each foreign market entry mode is associated with advantages and disadvantages in terms of risk, cost, control, and return. Their study was designed to examine the impacts of a series of determinants on the choice of foreign production and exporting adopted by 228 U.S. manufacturing firms. Agarwal and Ramaswami (1992) suggest that the most commonly used entry modes are exporting, licensing, joint venture and sole venture. These methods involve varying levels of resource commitment. When multinational enterprises (MNE) plan to expand overseas, they face several entry modes. Root (1994) defines an international market entry mode as an institutional arrangement that makes possible the entry of a companys products, technology, human skills, management, or other resources into a foreign country. Entry modes can be classified into three categories: Export entry mode, contractual entry mode and investment entry mode (Root, 1994). Expansion into foreign markets can be achieved via the following mechanisms: Exporting, Licensing,â‚ ¬Ã‚   Franchising,â‚ ¬Ã‚   Joint Venture, Direct Investment (Kim and Hwang,1992; Agarwal and Ramaswami,1992; Root, 1994; Erramilli and Rao,1993). These are explained below; 2.1.1. Exporting Exporting is the marketing and direct sale of domestically-produced goods in another country. Exporting is a traditional and well-established method of reaching foreign markets. There is no need for the company to invest in a foreign country because exporting does not require that the goods be produced in the target country. Most of the costs associated with exporting take the form of marketing expenses. Therefore, exporting is appropriate when there is a low trade barrier, home location has an advantage on costs and when customization is not crucial (Kim and Hwang, 1992). 2.1.2. Licensing A license arrangement is a business arrangement where a licensor using its monopoly position and right such as a Patent, a Trade Mark, a design or a copyright that has exclusive right which prevents others from exploiting the idea, design, name or logo commercially. The licensee pays a fee in exchange for the rights to use the intangible property and possibly for technical assistance (Erramilli and Rao, 1993). 2.1.3. Franchising Franchising is a similar entry mode to licensing. By the payment of a royalty fee, the franchisee will obtain the major business know-how via an agreement with the franchiser. The know-how also includes such intangible properties as patents, trademarks and so on. The difference from the licensing mode of entry is that the franchisee must obey certain rules given by franchiser. Franchising is most commonly used in service industries, such as McDonalds, etc. (Hill, Hwang and Kim, 1990). 2.1.4. Joint Venture Joint ventures represent an agreement between two parties to work together on a certain project, Operate in a particular market, etc. Some of the main common objectives in a joint venture:â‚ ¬Ã‚  Market entry;â‚ ¬Ã‚  Risk and reward sharing;â‚ ¬Ã‚  Technology sharing and joint product development, etc. (Kwon and Konopa, 1993) 2.1.5. Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the direct ownership of facilities in the target country. It involves capital, technology, and personnel. FDI can be made through the acquisition of an existing entity or the establishment of a new enterprise. Direct ownership provides a high degree of control in the operations and the ability to better know the consumers and competitive environment, and the market in general. However, it requires a high level of resources and a high degree of commitment (Root, 1994). 2.1.6. Foreign Acquisition Acquisitions can be defined as a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of the target companys ownership stakes in order to assume control of the target firm. Acquisitions are often made as part of a companys growth strategy whereby it is more beneficial to take over an existing firms operations and niche compared to expanding on its own. (Investopedia.com, 2011) 2.1.7. Green Field Entry Green field can be defined as a form of foreign direct investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up. In addition to building new facilities, most parent companies also create new long-term jobs in the foreign country by hiring new employees (Investopedia.com, 2011). The main advantages of setting up a new company:â‚ ¬Ã‚  normally feasible, avoids risk of overpayment, â‚ ¬Ã‚  avoids problem of integration, Still retains full control. The main disadvantages of setting up a new company:â‚ ¬Ã‚  Slower startup, requires knowledge of foreign management, â‚ ¬Ã‚  high risk and high commitment We can conclude that acquisition is appropriate when the market is developed for corporate control, the acquirer has high absorptive capacity, and when there is high synergy, whereas Green field entry is appropriate when there is lack of proper acquisition target, in-house local expertise, and embedded competitive advantage (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992). 2.1.3 Organization Performance Organizational performance comprises the actual output or results of an organization as measured against its intended outputs (or goals and objectives). According to Richard et al. (2009) organizational performance encompasses three specific areas of firm outcomes: (a) financial performance (profits, return on assets, return on investment, etc.); (b) product market performance (sales, market share, etc.); and (c) shareholder return (total shareholder return, economic value added, etc.). Most organizations view their performance in terms of effectiveness in achieving their mission, purpose or goals. Most NGOs, for example, would tend to link the larger notion of organizational performance to the results of their particular programs to improve the lives of a target group (e.g. the poor). At the same time, a majority of organizations also see their performance in terms of their efficiency in deploying resources. This relates to the optimal use of resources to obtain the results desired. Finally, in order for an organization to remain viable over time, it must be both financially viable and relevant to its stakeholders and their changing needs. A fundamental debate in strategic management and international marketing research is questioning about the performance, especially when the companies involve in international performance (Florin and Agboei, 2004). An accurate understanding of the crucial link between international strategy and performance is especially important in the face of world markets that are increasingly global. Consequently, international marketing research has moved from being descriptive studying the differences between exporters and non-exporters to providing performance explanations (shoham and kropp, 1998). In todays complex business world, performance is an indispensable guide for any company analyzing its level of success, in both the domestic and international arenas. Assessing export performance is quite a complex task, as export performance can be conceptualized and operationalized in many ways. Broadly speaking, the literature considers three aspects of export performance: financial, strategic, and that of performance satisfaction (Lages and Montgomery, 2004). Although considerable progress has since been made, research remains underdeveloped. Defining and understanding performance is problematic, especially in terms of identifying uniform, reliable, and valid performance measures (Katsikeas, Leonidou and Morgan, 2000). Export performance is the dependent variable in the simplified model and is defined as the outcome of a firms activities in export markets. There are two principal ways of measuring export performance: economic (financial measures such as sales, profits, and market share) and noneconomic (nonfinancial measures relating to product, market, experience elements, etc.). Most background and intervening variables were associated with economic measures of performance, particularly export sales intensity (export-to-total sales ratio), export sales growth, and export profitability (Katsikeas, Leonidou and Morgan, 2000). Also, Export performance, a widely studied construct, refers to the outcomes of a firms export activities, althoug h conceptual and operational definitions vary in the literature (Calantone, 2005) 2.2 Empirical Literature 2.2.1 International Market Entry Strategies by Multinationals International market entry modes can be classified according to level of control, resource commitment, and risk involvement (Anderson and Gatignon, 1986; Erramilli and Rao, 1993; Hill, Hwang and Kim, 1990). For example, in a study of the international operations of service firms in the United States, Erramilli and Rao (1993) classify market entry modes into two categories based on their level of control-full-control (i.e. wholly owned operation) and shared-control mode (i.e. contractual transfer or joint venture). The classification system adopted by Hill, Kim and Hwang (1992) is three fold: licensing, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. Hill, Kim and Hwang (1992) believe that these methods provide three distinctive levels of control and require different levels of resource commitment. Kwon and Konopa (1993) indicate that each foreign market entry mode is associated with advantages and disadvantages in terms of risk, cost, control, and return. Their study was designed to examine the impacts of a series of determinants on the choice of foreign production and exporting adopted by 228 U.S. manufacturing firms. Agarwal and Ramaswami (1992) suggest that the most commonly used entry modes are exporting, licensing, joint venture and sole venture. These methods involve varying levels of resource commitment. Based on the location of products produced, Terpstra and Sarathy (2000) divide market entry methods into three major categories-indirect exporting, direct exporting and foreign manufacturing. Many forms of market entry strategy are available to firms to enter international markets. One classification first distinguishes between equity and non-equity modes. Equity modes involve firms taking some degree of ownership of the market organizations involved, including wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures. Non equity modes do not involve ownership and include exporting or some form contractual agreements such as licensing or franchising (Wilkinson and Nguyen, 2003). Caves (1982) identified four basic ways to expand internationally, from the lowest to the highest risk: exporting; licensing and franchising; strategic alliances; and wholly owned foreign subsidiaries. Cateora and Graham (2002) stated there are six basic strategies for entering a new market: export/import, licensing and franchising, joint venturing, consortia, partially-owned subsidiaries, and wholly-owned subsidiaries.

Mission Trip in Rio de Janeiro Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive

Mission Trip in Rio de Janeiro The second I walked in the door, I knew it was different than any other place I had visited that week. There was a presence of love and happiness hovering in the air. I could feel it; it was so strong. I didn't want to leave that beautiful place called Compassion International. In July 2000, I went to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil for a mission trip. One of the days, we visited the kids of Compassion International. Compassion International is a program in which people from the U.S. can send money, letters and other gifts to underprivileged children in different countries. The place I visited was a school/church where the kids went if they were the ones receiving the sponsorship. This was the best place I visited the whole time I was in Brazil. We did so many awesome things during our trip, but this small three or four hour visit changed my entire life. Children of all ages were walking around when we took our tour of the facilities. Some of these kids came from neighborhoods that had gun shootings, drugs and other violence. Other kids didn't even come from a neighborhood. They were homeless, lived in the dump and didn't know when their next meal would be coming or from where. When I looked at these kids, I couldn't see their home life reflected in their clothing or faces. They were well dressed, clean, and most of all, they had smiles on their faces. The tour of the facility was remarkable. It was huge considering how poor the country is. They had numerous classrooms where the children would learn reading, writing, and arithmetic and study the Bible. A playground for the small children and a small pool for the older ones were available in the courtyard. There was even an American flag ... .... Her unbreakable smile and the sparkle in her eyes told of the Savior she had. Some of the songs she led were familiar, but some weren't. The cool thing was, they were all in Portuguese, and we didn't care! We sang along in English while they sang in Portuguese. The language barrier we had didn't matter. We had the same God, and He made all the difference. After a couple hours in the chapel, we ran out of time at Compassion International. I didn't get to talk to any of the Brazilians there except the little ones when they gathered around us, but I still cried when we left. I felt so close to these people despite the culture differences. As I walked out the door, I realized the presence I felt when I walked in wasn't just a feeling of love and happiness, but the Holy Spirit, who brought me to Compassion International for an experience I will never forget

Eminem “Lose yourself” Essay

After analyzing ‘Lose Yourself’ by Eminem, I’ve understood Eminem’s emotion in this song. He raps about taking a chance at success and being able to take it without anyone stopping him. He also refers to the movie 8 mile, where he failed his first chance and knew that his second opportunity he had to succeed. Analyzing the lyrics, with all the expression he has on him he’s starting to lose his desire and momentum of being an artist. At one point he says â€Å"A normal life is boring, but super stardom’s close to post mortem† which means that having a normal life is boring, but being a superstar is almost being dead. Eminem feels like being a superstar is a lot of pressure and the expectation levels are very high because you need to keep producing content that is bigger and better which he said in this sentence â€Å"It only grows harder, only grows hotter†. He’s been through tough times in his career and tries his best to gain respect from other rappers in the industry. My final thoughts on this analysis would be that this song is about his tough times and what he goes through in his career and he truly does a great job expressing it in ‘Lose Yourself’. Everyone in life goes through tough situations and I can reflect on this when it comes to school grades. As I explained in the following paragraph â€Å"It only grows harder, only grows hotter† means you have to produce better content for better results is something I can reflect on. It’s never easy to get good marks; you always need to put in motivation and dedication to succeed. You need to put in better work and effort to get the results you want which is why Eminem’s verse in this song reflects me. Overall though, I must say this is one of my favorite songs of all time and it was very interesting to analyze Eminem’s lyrics.

Biology Practical to Study the Osmosis Effects of Sucrose Essay Example

Biology Practical to Study the Osmosis Effects of Sucrose Essay Example Biology Practical to Study the Osmosis Effects of Sucrose Paper Biology Practical to Study the Osmosis Effects of Sucrose Paper The plant cells used in the experiment are potato and Chinese radish tissues that are used as chips because the results and changes are easy to note and record in this way. As plant cell membranes are differently ramble, different results are expected from the Chinese radish and potato chips in the same conditions; this is one reason for having two types of plant cell and not one. Another reason is that the two types of plant cells results can be compared and the similarities between certain results compared. The results taken during the experiment can be used to work out information that will help further our understanding of how osmosis takes place in different plant cells (potato and radish), what physical and biological change may take place, and link certain factors presented in our results to prove intimation useful to the investigation. Such a point would be to work out at what concentration equilibrium takes place in the chips and how length, mass and concentration affect the results of osmosis (e. G. Hack, Playmates etc. , and how to link physical results such as it a potato chip floats or sinks to the mass of a potato chip and the concentration of the solution it was in, using the results recorded during the experiment, the cell sap sucrose concentration of each chip can be worked out. Overall, the experiment must be planned and osmosis in plants researched so as to predict What should happen in each Of the situations presented in the teeth. The experiment taking place and recorded in the most accurate conditions possible, the most useful results recorded and presented in a helpful way. The results of the experiment should then be analyses and explained in terms of osmosis and why each result happened discussed and linked to other situations of osmosis. The final section fifths investigation should look back on the experiments, criticizing and improving sources of error and finally furthering research by going more into detail on the subject and expanding the research now that the basics of the subject have been covered. Background Scientific Information Equilibrium- There are two types of equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium is when tuft opposing actions occur at the same rate, in the case of osmosis this is water moving in and out of a cell at the same rate. Static equilibrium is when there is no action taking place; this will not take place during this experiment. Osmosis- This is the movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential (a dilute solution) to an area of low water potential (a concentration). This occurs across a semi permeable membrane until equilibrium is achieved. Concentration- When a substance dissolves in water, its molecules attract some of the water molecules and stop them moving freely, This reduces the concentration of the water molecules as less water molecules are free. Water Potential- This is a measure feather a solution is likely to gain or lose water molecules from another solution A dilute solution is said to have a higher water potential than a concentrated solution as it has more free water molecules. Water will flow from the dilute to the concentrated across a semi permeable membrane. Distilled water has the highest avatar potential, if any aqueous elution was placed across a semi permeable membrane to the distilled water, the distilled water molecules would flow to it. Hypersonic Solution- This solution contains a higher concentration of solute compared to another solution (e. G. The cells cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in hypersonic solution water will diffuse out of the cell. Hypotonic Solutions- This solution contains a low concentration of solute hypotonic solution water will diffuse into the cell. * Voids. On. Ca/vesting/science/baobab/Cells/minimum. HTML Isotonic Solutions- This solution contains the same concentration of solute as another solution (e. G. The cells cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. Osmosis in Plants Typical Plant cell (no chloroplasts): Unlike osmosis taking place in animal cells, the cell wall does not prevent the uptake or loss of soluble molecules; is the plasma/cell membrane which acts as a barrier or semi permeable membrane. The cytoplasm Of a plant cell and the cell sap in its vacuole contain sugars, salts and proteins that reduce the amount of free water cells. While the cell wall is fully permeable, the cell membrane is arterially permeable. This presents four cases of osmosis. After osmosis in a plant cell, four situations may result due to osmosis taking place in the cell. These depend on the concentration of the solution the plant cell has been placed in, and the water potential of the plant cell. Cell membranes are completely permeable to water therefore the water potential the cell is exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell. Reoccurred Apparatus: Below is a list of apparatus used to conduct the experiment and take down accurate results: xx Test Tubes 6 for Potato chips, 6 for Chinese radish. Each 2 test tubes ill have one of the prepared sugar/water solutions inside. 2 chips (CM and CM) from the same plant sample (potato or Chinese radish) will be placed in each test tube. xx Labels To label test tubes with different contents (solutions * chips). Test Tube Rack To safely hold the test tubes. Ruler To measure the length the chips are required to be cut to. Clean White Tile To ensure cutting of the chips is safe and that no moisture or dirt is accumulated from another cutting surface, Clean Scalpel To cut the chips to their required lengths accurately and easily in conjunction vivid the ruler _ Top pan balance To accurately state the mass of each chip. Watch To make sure each set of chips remain in their solutions for the same time. xx 10. Mi Syringe TO prepare the solutions needed for the experiment (I for H2O and I for 1. Molar sucrose solution), there are 2 to ensure the H2O and sucrose solution do not mix inside the syringe to affect the sucrose concentration of the solutions and hence give inaccurate results. 1. 0 molar Sucrose Solution Needed to prepare the solutions. H2O (distilled water) Needed to prepare the solutions. Potato Chips All cut from the same potato to give more accurate results the chips still need to be cut to accurate sizes) and wrapped in foil to preserve unchanged until experiment (moisture, dirt, etc ). Chinese Radish Chips All cut from the same Chinese radish to give more accurate results (the chips still need to be cut to accurate sizes). Forceps to handle chips without leaving dirt or moisture. Sieve to remove chips after osmosis from test tubes. Method: Below are the instructions used to conduct the experiment and collect results using the apparatus mentioned. 1. Label Test tubes by concentration (2 of each) and place in test tube rack. 2. The first step is to make the solutions in which the chips will be placed. Dodo this the correct ratios of distilled water and 1. Molar sucrose solution need to be worked out (in each test tube there is ml of solution): Conversationalists Waters . 0 Molar Sucrose Solicitousness Sirloins SMS 0. 2 molarities SMS 0. 4 molarities iron 0. 6 molarities iron 0. 8 molar3m112m11smI 1. 0 When the correct ratios have been worked out, the required amounts of sucrose solution and H2O must be taken from the H2O and Sucrose Solution (using different syringes) and placed in the test tubes labeled with the erect concentration (each concentration should be put in two of the test tubes as one is for the Chinese radish and one for the potato). 3. The Potato and Chinese radish chips are supplied cut roughly as rectangular prisms: cut each chip to CM (at right angles) vertically on tile measuring using ruler and cutting using scalpel. (When using scalpel always cut away from body and making sure no body parts are in the scalpels way). cut each Scm chip into CM and CM segments (at right angles) on tile measuring using ruler and cutting using scalpel. 4. Weigh each chip using top pan balance (making sure you know which chip has hat mass) and record its initial weight in a table against the concentration of the solution it is to be placed in (in grams). Place one CM and one CM chip of either the potato or the Chinese radish into the solution you said it would be in the table with tweezers noting down the time. This should be repeated for all the chips with intervals of I minute (as this gives you time to note the changes and observations). leave in for as long as possible (at least 40 minutes). 6. After 40 minutes check if the chips floated or sank tip test tube holding first set of chips into sieve over sink. Place chips on white tile, measure and record their final lengths and record other observations. Weigh each chip and record its final mass. Repeat for rest of chips at 1 minute intervals from time taken out (NOTE RESULTS). 7. CLEAR UP! Diagram of experimental set up: Collecting Results: In each case osmosis will occur. Some of the potato and radish tissue Will gain water by osmosis, While Others Will lose water, unless equilibrium has occurred, these will lead to changes in length and mass that can be recorded against the initial lengths and masses accurately. This Will allow further analysis f osmosis in plant cells and factors such as the cell sap sucrose concentration to be worked out. To make sure that the results recorded are accurate, several precautions must be taken: The chips must be cut from the same plant tissue (potato and Chinese radish) order to have the least variation in growing and handling conditions that could have affected the plant tissue such as a different concentration of salts in the ground during growth that could affect results and cause big differences between the results of one chip and another if they came from different samples of potato or Chinese radish. The chips must be cut as accurately as possible to the same size, although this measurement is still inaccurate as length is not as useful as the much more accurate measurement Of volume that could not be used in this experiment. The solutions must be prepared accurately, making sure there are no air bubbles in the syringes and that they are filled to exactly the mark required at eye level so the volume of solution inside each syringe is accurate. The syringes must also be kept in their correct beakers in order to ensure that the w. 0 solutions within the beakers are not mixed within the syringes causing inaccurate preparation of the solutions. The test tubes used must be clean and moisture free as well as all the other apparatus used in contact vivid the chips in order to ensure an accurate environment which will not affect the experiment. The apparatus not in contact with the chips must be clean, yet some of these instruments must have some moisture on them (e. G. Syringes). The experiment should also be conducted at room temperature and preferably not in humid conditions that could affect the chips. The measuring instruments must also be accurate and clean and moisture free o as to give accurate results. Safety precautions must also be taken so no damage will occur. Although this experiment is a sate one, several precautions must still be taken: The experiment must be set up away from any hazards that may knock it over and ruin it and be set up stable for the same reason and so none of the solution will spill, the test tube rack does this. The cutting must be done away from the body as the scalpels blade is very sharp and no Obstructions should be put in its path in case the user slips, this could be very hazardous. The scalpel should be put in a safe place. If a person goes cut themselves the blood should be hygienically removed and not be in contact with another person. The worktop and area should be kept clean and tidy with nothing on it except the apparatus used in the experiment in order to reduce the chance of an accident taking place or the apparatus getting knocked over (someone tripping over a bag). This also creates a better working environment. Recording the Results: If all the safety and accuracy precautions are taken, an accurate set of results should be given, yet the results still need to be recorded. The following results must be taken: Variables Independent Variables: This is the variable that is chosen by the researcher, the concentrations of the solutions were chosen by the person who did the experiment. The independent variable changes the result Of the dependent variable. In the case fifths experiment, the independent variable is the concentration of the solutions (measured in molarities). The Independent variable is the range of solutions. Dependent Variables: This is the variable that is affected by the independent variable and changes accordingly, In this experiment, the dependent variables changed according to the sucrose concentration in the solutions. These were: a. The final length b. The final mass c. The observations Non-Variables: These are the figures that if not kept the same would produce unfair results, These would be: a_The initial length b. The amount Of solution in each test tube Observations: Hopefully, the observations taken Will prove linked and dependent upon the independent variable. These will change with the mass and length results that are also dependent variables, yet change could be minimal and not be seen at every change in solution. The Observations are: a. Elf the chips would float or sink b. Ranking the chips from stiffs floppy Below is an example of how the results should be recorded from a previous osmosis experiment: Molarities foliation Lengthens aftercare analytical Massing Mischance in Float or Stiff or Glucose (CM)Osmosis (CM)Length (G) (G)mass Sink Happy 02 or skink 0. 2 Floats 0. 4Floats 0. 6Oath 0. Float; 1 Oath The change in mass must be recorded as a percentage as the initial mass for each chip is different, in order to make the results more comparable, the same rule should be applied to the change in length. To calculate the % change in mass/length we use this formula: Change in Length/Mass Original Length/ Mass Conclusion In both the case of 2 CM and CM chips, as the concentration of the solution went up, the growth in length became more negative. This does not mean that less change took place, but that the chip that the positive increase in the chips at O Mica gradually got lower, (with the exception of a few inaccurate readings), until it became a loss in length. For both the CM and CM chips the loss in length happened after 08 Mica, yet the concentrations used to conduct the experiment were not enough to give us a more accurate concentration at Which the concentrations became negative although the line Of best fit Of both he CM and CM chips would suggest it was a little after 0. Mecum. When the change in length is shown as a percentage, the CM chip had a bigger change between its 0. 0 molar and 1. 0 molar results than the CM chip. CM chip 10% 4 5% = 15% change in length CM chip = 3. 333%4 change Yet these results are not very helpful as the changes in length are not accurate and do not give us an accurate measurement such as volume, that would give us more than the length of one side. The change in length expressed as a percentage is also not helpful as it does not help show the difference between how much water the cell sap vacuole of a CM hip can hold compared to that of a CM chip. In the results, the change in length in centimeters of both the CM and CM chips between the 0. Mecum and 1. Mecum are close: CM chip = 2. CM 1. CM = 0. CM change CM chip = 3. LLC 2. CM = 0. CM change. If the results were more accurate, the CM chips change in centimeters would be larger than the CM chips because its cell sap vacuole should hold more water in the same concentration. Fifth volume of the chips was taken instead of the length and the experiment was conducted accurately, this would be the case. For the length results I am not going to link them to the mass results or observations as they are not accurate, yet a change is still obvious as shown by the graph. This is proof that osmosis did take place and that at a 0. Mecum the potato chips only take in water because they have lower water potentials than the H2O they have been placed in. As the concentration of the solutions rises, the results show that the chips gain less length until they lose water and become flaccid; this happens when the solution the chips are in are more concentrated than the solution of the cell sap vacuole of the potato tissue. The mass results will analyses the results more accurately.

Examples of Images in Poetry, Fiction, and Nonfiction

Examples of Images in Poetry, Fiction, and Nonfiction An image is a representation in words of a sensory experience or of a person, place, or object that can be known by one or more of the senses.   In his book The Verbal Icon (1954), critic W.K. Wimsatt, Jr., observes that the verbal image which most fully realizes its verbal capacities is that which is not merely a bright picture (in the usual modern meaning of the term image) but also an interpretation of reality in its metaphoric and symbolic dimensions. Examples Far beyond her, a door standing ajar gave on what appeared to be a moonlit gallery but was really an abandoned, half-demolished, vast reception room with a broken outer wall, zigzag fissures in the floor, and a vast ghost of a gaping grand piano emitting, as if all by itself, spooky glissando twangs in the middle of the night.(Vladimir Nabokov, Ada, or Ardor: A Family Chronicle, 1969)In the shallows, the dark, water-soaked sticks and twigs, smooth and old, were undulating in clusters on the bottom against the clean ribbed sand, and the track of the mussel was plain. A school of minnows swam by, each minnow with its small individual shadow, doubling the attendance, so clear and sharp in the sunlight.(E.B. White, Once More to the Lake. One Mans Meat, 1942)Mr. Jaffe, the salesman from McKesson Robbins, arrives, trailing two mists: winter steaminess and the animal fog of his cigar, which melts into the coffee smell, the tarpaper smell, the eerie honeyed tangled drugstore smell.(Cynthia Ozick, A Drugstore in Winter. Art Ardor, 1983) That woman sitting on the stoop of an old brownstone house, her fat white knees spread apart- the man pushing the white brocade of his stomach out of a cab in front of a great hotel- the little man sipping root beer at a drugstore counter- the woman leaning over a stained mattress on the sill of a tenement window- the taxi driver parked on a corner- the lady with orchids, drunk at the table of a sidewalk cafe- the toothless woman selling chewing gum- the man in shirt sleeves, leaning against the door of a poolroom- they are my masters.(Ayn Rand, The Fountainhead. Bobbs Merrill, 1943)I should have been a pair of ragged clawsScuttling across the floors of silent seas.(T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, 1917)The train moved away so slowly butterflies blew in and out of the windows. (Truman Capote, A Ride Through Spain. The Dogs Bark. Random House, 1973)It is time for the babys birthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party. In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is pressed against the slats, with mine.(Joan Didion, Going Home. Slouching Towards Bethlehem. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1968 He clasps the crag with crooked hands;Close to the sun in lonely lands.Ringed with the azure world, he stands.The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;He watches from his mountain walls,And like a thunderbolt he falls.(Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The EagleAmong the strangest illusions which have passed like a haze before my eyes, the strangest one of all is the following: a shaggy mug of a lion looms before me, as the howling hour strikes. I see before me yellow mouths of sand, from which a rough woolen coat is calmly looking at me. And then I see a face, and a shout is heard: Lion is coming.(Andrei Bely, The LionThe apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.(Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro)[Eva] rolled up to the window and it was then she saw Hannah burning. The flames from the yard fire were licking the blue cotton dress, making her dance. Eva knew there was time for nothing in this world other than the time it took to get there and cover her daughters body wi th her own. She lifted her heavy frame up on her good leg, and with fists and arms smashed the windowpane. Using her stump as a support on the window sill, her good leg as a lever, she threw herself out of the window. Cut and bleeding she clawed the air trying to aim her body toward the flaming, dancing figure. She missed and came crashing down some twelve feet from Hannahs smoke. Stunned but still conscious, Eva dragged herself toward her firstborn, but Hannah, her senses lost, went flying out of the yard gesturing and bobbing like a sprung jack-in-the- box.(Toni Morrison, Sula. Knopf, 1973 [In] summer the granite curbs starred with mica and the row houses differentiated by speckled bastard sidings and the hopeful small porches with their jigsaw brackets and gray milk-bottle boxes and the sooty ginkgo trees and the banking curbside cars wince beneath a brilliance like a frozen explosion.(John Updike, Rabbit Redux, 1971) Observations Images are not arguments, rarely even lead to proof, but the mind craves them, and, of late more than ever.(Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, 1907)In general, emotional words, to be effective, must not be solely emotional. What expresses or stimulates emotions directly, without the intervention of an image or concept, expresses or stimulates it feebly.(C.S. Lewis, Studies in Words, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1967) Images in Nonfiction ​Instinctively, we go to our store of private images and associations for our authority to speak of these weighty issues. We find, in our details and broken and obscured images, the language of symbol. Here memory impulsively reaches out its arms and embraces imagination. That is the resort to invention. It isnt a lie, but an act of necessity, as the innate urge to locate personal truth always is. (Patricia Hampl, Memory and Imagination. I Could Tell You Stories: Sojourns in the Land of Memory. W.W. Norton, 1999)In creative nonfiction you almost always have the choice of writing the summary (narrative) form, the dramatic (scenic) form, or some combination of the two. Because the dramatic method of writing provides the reader with a closer imitation of life than summary ever could, creative nonfiction writers frequently choose to write scenically. The writer wants vivid images to transfer into the mind of the reader after all, the strength of scenic writing lies in its ability to evoke sensual images. A scene is not some anonymous narrators report about what happened some time in the past; instead, it gives the feeling that the action is unfolding before the reader. (Theodore A. Rees Cheney, Writing Creative Nonfiction: Fiction Techniques for Crafting Great Nonfiction. Ten Speed Press, 2001)

Accounting for Strategy and Management Control Essay

Accounting for Strategy and Management Control - Essay Example 888). In this paper, though, the context of â€Å"winner’s curse† is in the nature of cost underestimation leading to bids below actual costs in auctions for business contracts, such as construction projects. Winner’s curse refers to the loss incurred in winning a project in an auction, on a bid below actual cost. The chosen article is a well-written piece and has been published in at least one peer-reviewed academic journal. As with every study, however, there are aspects in which it may be improved upon, as well as those in which it excels. These points shall be discussed here, section by section. The introduction provides an overview of the organization of the paper, which is helpful to the reader. But the introduction is written like an abstract that immediately jumps to the conclusion, and does not elaborate on the contextual basis of the study. The reader has to peruse this section repeatedly to get an idea of the perspective of the research, something which the authors could have addressed by developing a comprehensive background to the problem that describes real world situations that the study finds application in. By allowing the reader to familiarize himself with the topic from the basis of past experiences or commonly encountered situations, the introduction would have provided the reader a better comprehension of the full implications of the study. The introduction also makes use of many terms which, while not entirely specialized or complicated, admits of specialized operational meanings as they are used in the study. For instance, the very use of â€Å"winner’s curse† is in the sense of sellers of goods and services in the auction and award of projects, not in the more general and commonplace sense as described in the Encyclopaedia of Operations Research & Management Science (see opening paragraph). While the

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Leadership - Essay Example A person’s beliefs, values, character, and ethics play a big role in determining what kind of a leader they will be. Today, we experience both good and bad leadership in different situations. Bad leadership is harmful to the society in many ways, therefore, should be avoided. Good leadership is what the society should adopt, as this is beneficial in many ways. This essay will therefore, address the concept of good leadership, and some of the steps one must follow to ensure good leadership. Knowledge and skills contribute to the leadership process. However, personal attributes such as values, and character, are the ones that make a leader to stand out among all the others. For instance, in order for one to practise good leadership, they must be impartial. This enhances trust and credibility of the leader by the people. These are aspects that are earned by the leader, and do not merely come with the position. However, if a leader acts ethically and professionally, they will be a ble to win trust of the people. Impartiality mainly refers to the treatment of everyone in an equal manner, devoid of favouritism. This improves relationships between the leader and the people, since the people will be sure that their leader does not have hidden outcomes in their position, neither will they question motivation. In this case, a leader must therefore, apply equal standards to all people and perform unbiased evaluation. Good leadership requires strong confidence. A good leader must therefore, be confident in themselves. Confidence includes a leader having an honest understanding of who they are, their skills and knowledge, as well as their capabilities. This is the first step of confidence on the leader’s side. Similarly, the people must have strong confidence in their leader, as this will prove that the leader is effective. The people judge and determine the effectiveness of their leaders. Therefore, if people do not trust their leader or lack confidence in the m, this means the leader is poor. Therefore, a good leader must work toward building their confidence, as well as the confidence of the people they lead. This is because; one must prove to people that they are capable of good leadership. For good leadership, a person must be capable of learning from their mistakes. Normally, it is always hard for people to accept their mistakes and take lessons from them. However, as a leader, one must be ready to accept their mistakes and learn lessons from them. This is an important step in learning, growing, and improving in the leadership position. A good leader must therefore, not blame their mistakes on the people, but admit them, as this is known to accelerate immense progress. If a leader made a few failures in the past, this should not deter them from moving on. They must have the confidence and courage of learning from their failures, and using the failures to produce success. Mistakes and failures are crucial in leadership, as they offer the leader more experience in specific situations. It becomes probable that after making a certain mistake, or failing terribly in a specific situation, a leader might not repeat the same mistakes in the future, and they will not fail if the same situation presents itself in future. Therefore, accepting past mistakes and learning from them, makes a good leader. Good leadership involves putting the needs of others first. This is the virtue of selflessness. True leadership requir