Separatism and Conflict in Catalonia

Separatism and Conflict in CataloniaAbstractThe following research paper focuses on Catalonias confide for Independence. The study was carried put in forth on a week-long welkin school in Barcelona, Northern Spain. Through protrude this study, the account give tongue toment, finish and politics and the evolved embellish of the urban center was analysed. These aspects were analysed to swop us to get a vivid lowstanding of the conflict that has signn adorn in Catalonia by means of come out its struggle for emancipation. Through this analysis tercet main themes surfaced, these were memory, difference and sequestration. The main take in of the research carried out through surveys was to answer the following question Will Catalonia refuge to violence to come through emancipation? A heterogeneous methods approach was employ in ordinance to get answers from sparkicipants, it was a suitable method because high quality entropy and opinions were established. Introd uctionThe history of Catalan separationism is complex. Giner (1984) has aread that Modern Catalonia is the ending of the unification of numerous great and intricate sets of long-term historical phenomena. Catalonia is a member of Spains self-g e very(prenominal)placening societies in the Northeast of the solid ground whose history is somewhat crystalize from that of Spain, in that large fragments of Spain were historically ruled by the peak of Castile, authoritatively decl aring barbaric Spanish, and Catalan was procedure of the cr possess of Aragon, officially speaking nonagenarian Catalan. Catalonia is an champaign which is rich in separatism, an eye socket which is longing for its own independence from Spain. The following paragraphs allow for analyse and h old(a) forth the separatism that k in a flashs in Catalonia in Barcelona.To describe separatism, wholeness would say that itis the throw outance or practice of separation of a particular fable of citizenryfro m a superior body because of particularors like ethni city, religion, or gender. Separatism is forever occurringthroughout Europe. A prime example of a separatist bea is the division ofCatalonia in spite of appearance Barcelona. Catalonia, who is proud of its own identicalness andlanguage, is one of Spains wealthiest and al closely(prenominal) industrialised regions, and to a fault one of the most autarkical-minded. However, since 1714, Catalonia hasstruggled to maintain its own culture, language and territory (Mantlethought.org,2017).There ar three find out unconstipatedts that cause led to the emergence of Catalan separatism, the 1705 Warof the Spanish succession, Catalonias nourishment for rival claimant to theSpanish throne, and Francos Dictatorship. Archduke Charles of Austria of the star sign of Habsburg, against King Philp V from the House of Bourbon, conduceed inthe suppression of its parliament and traditional liberties upon the latters mastery (BBC News, 20 17). In the 19th ascorbic acid there was somewhat a revivification in Catalonia. At this bloom in its history, Catalonia was the leader ofindustrialisation within Spain and had experienced a cultural revitalisation,here commenced a movement to pertain Catalan culture and language, which resultedin the rise of Catalan patriotism. afterwards the institution of a semi policy-making man and wife with the Aragon regions in 1137, Catalonia aroseand seized extensive economic and political control through the thirteenth andfourteenth centuries. Then, in 1479 came the replacement of a single monarchyafter the unification of Aragon and Castille.These houses consequently amalgamated in the new-fangled fifteenth one C, a periodthat also marked the deterioration of the old Catalan language.Succeedingeighteenth-century political manoeuvrings in Castile caused the Spanish War ofSuccession in which the regions in Catalonia were in sponsor of the Austriancontender for the crown. Catalonia structu blushful into Spain which resulted in theinhibition of its language and g overnance. This then lead to the appearance ofCatalonian nationalism towarf beds the end of the nineteenth century as numerouscultural movements began to avow to a greater extent recognition (Breen et al., 2016).The Commonwealthof Catalonia was first established in April 1914, and utilize a large amount offinance to infrastructure, cultural and scientific institutions. It was thensolidified in 1925. A fraction of independence was granted during blink of an eyeSpanish Republic, 1931-1938 (Breen et al., 2016).In the aftermathof the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and Francos progression of power, theCatalan language, political organizations and cultural codes including itsanthem and flag were further suppressed. In November 1971, a large tot up ofcultural and political left protestors gathered unitedly and established theAssembly of Catalonia, encouraging the restoration of independence andrecognitio n of Catalan culture and identity (Breen et al., 2016).Research ContextIt has been give tongue tothat separatism is primarily associated with nationalism and patriotideologies. A nation is an assembly of the great unwashed who defy the belief that they argoncomprised of a single citizenry on the basis of a cultural or historicalcriteria, such(prenominal) as a grappled language (Flint, 2017).Members of anation share public ideas intimately their origins and hope for a common destiny. Theypossess common national symbols including customs, language and religion, andoften beats are unaware of the fact that their verdants narrative may be builton myths. They are often committed to acertain territory over which they contract to gain authority, or even thecapacity to deal with their own inelegants matters. Nationalism therefore, isthe theory that each nation has the right to a state, thus having the right togovern a portion of territory. The geopolitics of nationalism has resulte d inmillions of deaths as people fought to create a state for their nation and fend for their states in the name of national defence, against genuine and allegedthreats. Separatism,secession, irredentism, self-determination, independence, sub-state nationalismare many of the words that are used interchangeably to describe the conflictsthat exist between states and would be sub-state. This sort of conflict isnothing original even with the arrival of sphericisation, transnationalism andthe influence of multinational associations. breaka elan schemas continue to be apowerful political force and a challenge to present-day global borders. Though separatismin Catalonia is new, nationalism is not. Tensions between Spain and Catalonia pay been notoriously strained since Catalonia came under Spanish rule in 1714during the War of Spanish Succession. In the 19th century, the nationalistmovement developed and demanded greater independence for Catalonia. Themovement later dealt with the proble ms Catalonia faced throughout the 19th and20th centuries including the dictatorships of Miquel primo de Rivera andFrancisco Franco. Francos dictatorship had a major impact on Catalonia, withtheir culture and language cosmos suppressed, because of the practice of theCatalan language and expression of Catalan culture beingness prohibited. The peopleof Catalonia struggled to possess their own identity separate from Spain duringthis time. After the death of Franco in 1975, the nationalist movement beganmoving in a different direction. As the first decade of the 21st century cameto a close, the movement developed further as nationalists began demandingindependence. Tensions remain between Spain and Catalonia in relation to theuse of their own separate language and carrying on with their own culture. Manyseparatist movements follow a for the most part diplomatical direction that focuses on the practiceof culture and tradition to activate support and drive onward with their ownplans (Br een et al., 2016). It is hard-fought to tell if Catalonia will take a violent route in order to reachindependence, and it was evident in our surveys that the people ofBarcelona do not think that their country will.Separatism has ceaselessly remained a organic part of the character of Europe. It is always argued that separatist movements are rising in many Europeanstates, novel by a backdrop of economic crisis and politicaluncertainty (Bieri, 2014). A quantity of these separatist movements are linked withviolent campaigns for independence (e.g. the Basque Region, Corsica) slice separates including Scotland and Catalonia have followed a mainly peaceful routethat has concentrated on the use of culture and heritage to mobilise supportand drive out front separatist agendas (Breen et al,. 2016). There are thought tobe around 45 active separatist movements across 30 countries with their politicalaspirations and methodologies all being very diverse. An integrated European coalescency was at one point according to Liable touted as some kind of magical elixir which could quieten the demands of separatist organisations and curbunrest among national minorities. Perhaps separatism is a resurgent forceacross Europe, separatism according to Bieri has been saucy in part byan all-encompassing impact of the economic crisis and distributive politicaluncertainty throughout the EU. It has been said thatseparatist movements either surveil independence within their central states orto form independent states. Separatist movements are protruding within theEuropean summation, which is now estimated to have over 40 separatist parties (EFA,2014). The most noteworthy of these movements include Scotland in the coupledKingdom, Catalonia and the Basque Country in Spain, and Flanders in Belgium(Bieri, 2014). Separatism in the European Union appears contradictory at first,the European Union is frequently looked upon as a post-sovereign system and by chancea clay sculpture for glo balization (Mathews, 1997).The European Union resulted from the economic and institutionalintegration of European states in the decades following creation War II (Jones,2012). While the European Union isnt a state itself, it is capable of interveningthe national laws and policymaking decisions of its member states (Krasner,2009). Under the European Union, Europes economy has assimilated into a singlemarket under one currency, the Euro. Despite being so highly integrated,separatist movements are not and emerging but have the potential todestabilize the European Union (Dayton, R. 2015) Bieri has stated that separatism has been revivedin part by the all-inclusive influence of the economic crisis and prevalentpolitical equivocalness throughout the EU. Other than Catalan separatism, another sovereignty well cognise for their desire for independence, is Scotland. Scotland ceased to be an independent state in the early 1700s. erratic heritage, culture and civil conjunction was not dil uted by the union with England, and this is something the people of Scotland passionately cute. Scottish nationalism as a political force did not intensify until the 1960s, with the Scottish Nationalist Party kind a by-election. The discovery of oil in the North Sea enliven nationalists to think more aggressively about separatism. Debates about devolution gained whim during the 1990s and under a labour government the Scottish parliament was formed in 1999. 2007 elections cut the SNP make signifi bedt gains at aims expense and Salmond became the First Minister. Further electoral success in 2011 led to calls for a referendum and in 2012 it was announced that a referendum would be held in 2014. This was purposely set to coincide with the 700th anniversary of the victory of Scottish forces over English invaders at the battle of Bannockburn. The result of the Scottish referendum returned a bare(a) victory for the No campaign. However, the advent of Brexit has once again instigated a free energy for independence. Catalonia, intheir fight towards independence, has developed various issues over the old age.These include verbiage, refining and Self -governance.Tensions overlanguage in Catalonia, particularly from an educational perspective, persistand in recent years have been intensified. At the same time the politicalstruggle between the Catalan and the Spanish central governments has also join ond. Woolard and Frekko (2013) have pointed out that the present debatesresemble those of past decades, and thus one could have the notion that nothinghas changed in the sociolinguistic makeup of Catalonia (Soler-Carbonell,Gallego-Bals and Corona, 2016). popconsolidation resulted in a renewed state nationalism that saw in the last waveof territorial reforms the culmination of the autonomic model set up in 1978,and the current context of economic crisis has reinforced the debate on thenecessity of introducing recentralization policies for economic and efficiencyrea sons (Keating, 2009). Thus, after 30years of democracy and devolution the question of self-governance andself-determination remains at the centre of the political debate in Cataloniaand Spain. Thus, it is clearthat much of the separatism that now exists in Catalonia has stemmed fromhistorical grievances centred around cultural and linguistic identities. Part BMethodologyIn the formationof this report, a mixed methods approachwas used which involved both quantitative and qualitative surveys being carriedout. This proved to be both a successful but intriguing approach. One of themain challenges being language barriers. Although the participants werepassionate about their views, it was grueling to get sufficient informationfrom them as they had limited English. A number of people refused to respond asthey didnt understand what was being asked of them. The interviews werecarried out over a number of different areas scattered across the city ofBarcelona. Culture within BarcelonaThe mus eums ofBarcelona are perhaps the best way to explore and get a better understanding ofBarcelonas Culture. Museums became symbols of the shared sociable memory establishingthe conjectured community a space where the nation could present itself, toitself and to others (Anderson, 1983). El natural cultural Centre is a prime example ofthis. The natural Centre Cultural is now a Cultural Centre that is in El innate(p).El Born is a quarter that was part of the old Barcelona when the city wasinside the walls, it is now a pregnant place to visit for its historicalburden. Where we find nowadays the Born Centre Cultural, it was an old marketof iron built in the 19th Century. Some years ago, it was originallyplanned to take a leak a new library for the city of Barcelona, and when they startedconstructing, a tercentenary ruins were found inside that floor. These were theruins of the houses and streets of the people who lived during 1700, thecentury that lived the Spanish invasion which d o Catalonia to be part ofSpain until nowadays where there is a longing for independence from Catalans.El born is categorisedas a public space which aims to attract multiple audiences into a conversationabout Catalonias past, present and future. For an example, the centre employsa trilingual style to its exhibits and artefacts with signposting in Catalan,Spanish and English, with guide books in stock(predicate) in French, German and Dutch. Thepolitical employment of external visitors is arguably just as alpha as themilitarisation of the citys residents (Breen et al., 2016)The cultural and emotive meaning that the people gave to this ruins moldiness be remarked. In Catalonia, the following proverb exists Roda al mn I torna al born which means Visit the world and come back home. Ironically, the word born means home to them. This sentence, in fact is the one that is being used for the campaign about the Born Cultural Centre in order to capture the connection between the past, present and future that exists in this space. When visiting the site we were able to imagine the daily life of Spanish ascendants and, in most casings, how they earned a living.El Born Cultural Centre, taken on Tuesday, 28th March, 2017) indoor of the El Born Cultural Centre. This plays the layout of the houses in Barcelona during the 1700s.During the visitto the El Born Cultural Centre, we carried out a survey investigating variousaspects of this very all-important(a) cultural museum. The interviewees appeared to bevery passionate about the centre, locution that it attracts hundreds of visitors ona daily basis, some of them being the people of Barcelona themselves. Whenasked what the fictional character of the cultural institution was, one interviewee repliedthat it was to preserve the history of the succession war. She went on to saythat it is a real-life bureau ofwhat life was like during this time, how difficult it was during the war, itshows how small our living space was and h ow little we had. When askedwhether heritage plays a component in the Catalan separatist movement, she replied Yes, it is the reason why there was a war. embellish within Barcelona decorate is the outcomeof a joint revolution of personality. It is the cultural translation of asociety on a particular portion of nature, and this translation is not onlymaterial, but also spiritual, ideological and symbolic. In this sense, grace acts as a hub of meaning and symbolism, and produces a sense ofbelonging and a territorial identity that is pre prevailingly strengthened in somenations (Nogu and Vincente,2004). Landscapehas been described as a thought that is hugely saturated with cultural and,above all, ideological implications (Peet, 1996). The landscape painting piece of tail be understoodas a dynamic code of symbols that speak of the culture of the past, present andmaybe also the future. The semiotic legibility of a landscape or the ease withwhich its symbols can be decoded, can be c omplex to a greater or lesser degree,but is always linked to the culture that produces the symbols (Nogu andVicente, 2004). The architectureof Barcelona has clearly evolved parallel with Catalan architecture. insideCatalonia both physical and concrete cultural heritages have been usedrepeatedly in the past to justify and promote a culturally distinguishable peoples andregion (Mellon, 2008). The majority of this has taken place against thebackground of Catalonias treatment of its place within Spain and as anaspirant autonomous region. Espelt and Benito (2005) have argued that this dish of heritage development emerged during a period of national and culturalreawakening in the late nineteenth century, for example, the glamorizedphysical and visual appearance of Girona was successfully created. A similarprocess of reconstruction or re-edification took place in Barcelona. Thelandscape has changed dramatically over a period of time due to urbanreconstruction and autocratic regimes. Cata lans aim was to have a differentlandscape to that of Spains and therefore modernization occurred. Modernizationis linked closely with urban aesthetics and beautification. Each leader set offto celebrate by political order by means of the building of urban andarchitectural settings with regards to embodying the ideology on which a newera is based and to remember the political obtainments and purposes of hisautocratic regime (Cavalcanti, 1997). The urbancharacteristics that exist in the city along with its tourist appeal are notpurely the result of the Modernist period or a recent dramatic transformation.In fact they are the result of an extensive and riotous historic evolution. Thefollowing are the most note-worthy landscapes within Barcelona. Each uphold aremarkable and of import history, and through decoding the landscape,visitors at these sites are able to find out more about the history of thearea.Parc de la CiutadellaPerhaps the most fair landscape of Barcelona can be found in Parc de la Ciutadella. After a seize which lasted thirteen months, Barcelona fell to the army of King Philips V throughout the war of the Spanish Succession. In order to keep honest control over the city of Barcelona, the Bourbon king built the biggest fortress in Europe, a star-shaped citadel or Ciutadella. An enormous part of the Ribera region was destroyed in order to make room for this fortress. The neighbourhood was rebuilt xxx years later at another location as Barceloneta (authorSTREAM, 2017).BarcelonetaA distance from the inner city lies Barceloneta. This is deceptively called the Fishermens drag, an area which was in fact born as a result of a political, armament decision. It was in this area that the inhabitants of La Ribera were repositioned when their own homes were destroyed to make way for the building of Felipe Vs fortress La Ciutadella. The four cubes represent the size of homes around this shanty area. This mark of remembrance is a significant example of Barc elona preserving its history for the future generations. This residential area is now a very attractive mix of traditional and modern washing can be seen hanging along narrow balconies, while bars and restaurants have developed the night life (Insightguides.com, 2017). The Eternal FlameAnother important example of Barcelona preserving their history is the Eternal Flame. Located on Fossar de les Moreres, it burns to differentiate those that died during the War of the Spanish Succession 1713-1714. It is a place that marks plentiful symbolic importance where the mass of history takes centre stage. This monument stands as a reminder. It is of great meaning to the Catalans themselves. In the year 1989, it was the architect Carme Fiol who revealed the victims sepulchre site by destroying the buildings that had stood there, and covered the whole ground with brick as red as the blood that had been spilt. This is another prime example of the Catalans preserving their history for the futur e. MonumentalisationThe most earliestmonumentalisation of Barcelona in the introductory decades of the twentiethcentury can be seen as a method designed to relocate the city as the capital ofthe region. The succeeding Modernista buildings of Domenech, Puig and Gaudi demonstratedthe uniquely Catalan architectural expressions of identity and aspiration.These extremely glamorized nineteenth and early twentieth century discoursesare now being displaced by more pragmatic agenda-led narratives that are beingused to justify and promote territorial conflicts where landscape and builtheritage are presented as ideological cornerstone (Breen et al., 2016). La Sagrada Familiahas been described by Hughes as Barcelonas Eiffel Tower. It is of extremeimportance to the people of Barcelona. Despite the re-imaging of the city, itstill is the sign of Barcelona. Gaudis work, including the SagradaFamilia are all particularly resilientCatalan symbols as they were constructed during a period of great sign ificancefor Catalonia, during which contemporary Catalan nationalist thought and praxiswas founded (Scholars-on-bilbao.info, 2016).Perhaps the most outstanding part of the landscape in Barcelona is the Barcelona Gothic Quarter. The Barcelona Gothic Quarter was re-constructed in the twentieth century. heretofore though historic monuments, hypothetically, refer back to past eras, in many cases they were produced recently. In Barcelona, feudal buildings were restored in a gothic style, while other historic buildings and facades were moved stone-by-stone into the area and ordinary residential houses were removed and replaced by seemingly historic buildings. As a result, the new Gothic Quarter look as if it is a space which is completely medieval but was actually re-built between 1927 and 1970. This regeneration was meant both as an example of the purpose of tradition in the context of Catalan nationalism and as a way to promote the city through remarkable historic monuments (Gant, 201 3). overhaul in BarcelonaThe city ofBarcelona is an exceptional case study of many of the key themes of urbandevelopment and change. It has a large tertiary sector, its traditionalmanufacturing industries have been declining, and multinational investment hasbecome increasingly vital. The rapid development of expert Parks forhigh-tech industry is a modern feature associated with the process of what isbecoming known as the European sun-rise belt, along the Mediterranean borderbetween Valencia and Northern Italy. The motivation behindBarcelonas physical involution has been the growth of the economy. Remainingfactories and workshops in the Poblenou district are being changed into a zoneof new technologies (Geography field of operationwork.com, 2017). With some buildings notbeing in use, they appeared to be covered in graffiti, often expressing thepersons views towards the government. Political LandscapeLandscape resultsfrom the collective transformation of nature. It is the cultural translation ofa society on a particular portion of nature, and this translation is not onlymaterial, but also spiritual, ideological and symbolic. In this sense,landscape acts as a centre of meaning and symbolism, and creates a sense ofbelonging and a territorial identity that is particularly strong in somenations. It was proven from theobservations made throughout the field study that landscape, understood as thecultural prognosis of a society on a certain space, develops into a fundamentalelement in the creation process of a national identity, in our case the Catalanidentity, both in its late 19th century origins and in its present-day form (Nogu and Vicente, 2004).It has been notedthat the landscape of Catalonia was to play an important role in the buildingof Catalan nationalist ideology. At the bill of the nationalist Renaixenca,Catalonia was delicate to the new aesthetic and symbolic gratitude to landscape,especially hilly landscape, which was sweeping the rest of Europe. Th emountain therefore, became a key figure among Catalan nationalist symbols, partof the of the essence(p) landscape (Nogu and Vincente, 2004).It has to be saidthat the dominant cultural symbols that are scattered throughout the city ofBarcelona are flags. and to the people of Barcelona, these are more than just aflag. These are representation of what they desire to remain a united countryor an independent Barcelona, a representation of whether they want to remain inthe present or progress to a future where Barcelona becomes an independentstate from Spain. In Catalonia, the burn down of a flag is seen as an offence andoftentimes results in imprisonment.Overall, in the city of Barcelona, in terms of single flags displayed, the dominant symbol numerically was the Catalan flag. The Barcelona flag, though numerically certify, nevertheless registered a significant presence. A considerable number of balconies displayed both, and the Olympic flag was often added, while a small n umber i ncorporated the Spanish flag as well. The distribution in the metropolitan area covering the total sprawling of about four and a half million people is more difficult to measure. In both the city and the studied area the nature of displays varied with the character of the district. Where Castillian was the predominant language, that is, in working- break up barrios populated mostly by immigrants from the rest of Spain and where friendlyist sympathies were stronger, Barcelona flags tended to predominate, whereas in the more middle class districts like Gracia, nearer the centre, the flags were overwhelmingly Catalan, with a good proportion of these in this particular case being indepencia flags.Grievance DiagramThe 7 eventgrievances that are included in the following diagram are brass PoliticsEconomic CrisisLanguageCultureIdentityMedia Grievance Core Diagram for Barcelona, it represents the main grievances of the city and it is clear that the most part of these are linked to the d ivide in political views amongst the people of BarcelonaQualitative SurveyThe first surveycarried out on the field work was a qualitative survey, which aimed toestablish what fraction of the population wanted independence and whatremaining number did not want independence, and whether or not they thoughtthat their country would resort to violence in order to achieve it. From thesurveys carried out, 50.58% said yes and 41.27% said no. The remaining 8.14%were unsure.Social photographThe second surveythat was carried out was the neighborly vulnerability survey, it was carried out tofind out what parts of the structure of Barcelona are under threat or at risk.This was completed under the following headingsSocialEconomic Environment Governance Future threats The aim of thesurvey was to establish what parts of Catalonias social structure was most atrisk.Social Vulnerability DiagramSummary of Findings from the Social Vulnerability SurveyFrom our analysisof the results from the survey, it was clear that there is a clear obstaclewith governance within Catalonia. This can be explained by the struggle of thestate to receive legal and financial autonomy. Furthermore, it is clear fromthe diagram that socially, Barcelona is not at risk. It can be said that intimes of crisis, communities come together again as there is an obviousdecrease in social cohesion. It is evident from the diagram that politics isthe most at risk, so it is essential that steps are taken so as not to increasethe vulnerability of the state, and to avoid all potential conflict triggers. The following is a list of potentialconflict triggers Further suppression ofidentity.A continuance in theunequal distribution of wealth.Negative perceptionsdisplayed through the Media.In terms of lessening social tension inCatalonia, it would be suggested thatThe government addresstheir financial issues and perhaps restructure their economy.Encourage the media tobecome more open minded so as not to create negative perc eptions of Catalans.Currently the dialogueused within Catalonia is conflicted, it is suggested that they change thisdialogue, aiming it at resolution.Toconclude, the main hypothesis of this research was Catalonia will not resortto violence to achieve independence. From the research carried out over thefield study in Barcelona, it can certainly be said that they will not resort toviolence. From our observations and surveys, it was evident that in the future,Catalonia will experience perceptual constancy and will no longer experience pressure fromthe Spanish state over its own affairs. In my opinion, if it strengthens itsforeign affairs and strengthens its already maturation economic output then itwill transform into a strong, practicable state, one that does not need to resort toviolence to achieve independence. If Catalonia was to build upon its strengthas a separate part of Spain, perhaps in the future it will gain theindependence it has always been passionate about.Bibliography Anderson, B.(1983) in Breen, C., McDowell, S., Reid, G. and Forsythe, W. (2016). hereditary patternand separatism in Barcelona the case of El Born Cultural Centre. planetaryJournal of hereditary pattern Studies, 22(6), pp.434-445.authorSTREAM.(2017). 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